This article contains an overview of the year 1988 in athletics.
International events
World records
Men
Women
| EVENT | ATHLETE | MARK | DATE | VENUE |
| 100 metres | Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) | 10.49 | 16 July | Indianapolis, United States |
| 200 metres | Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) | 21.56 | 29 September | Seoul, South Korea |
Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) | 21.34 | 29 September | Seoul, South Korea |
| 25,000 metres | Karolina Szabó (HUN) | 1:29:29.2 | 22 April | Budapest, Hungary |
| 30,000 metres | Karolina Szabó (HUN) | 1:47:05.6 | 22 April | Budapest, Hungary |
| 100 metres hurdles | Yordanka Donkova (BUL) | 12.21 | 20 August | Stara Zagora, Bulgaria |
| 4 × 400 m Relay | Soviet Union (URS) • Tatyana Ledovskaya • Olga Nazarova • Mariya Pinigina • Olga Bryzgina | 3:15.17 | 1 October | Seoul, South Korea |
| Long jump | Galina Chistyakova (URS) | 7.52 m | 11 June | Leningrad, Soviet Union |
| Discus throw | Gabriele Reinsch (GDR) | 76.80 m | 9 July | Neubrandenburg, East Germany |
| Javelin throw | Petra Felke (GDR) | 80.00 m | 9 September | Potsdam, East Germany |
| Heptathlon | Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) | 7215 | 16 July | Indianapolis, United States |
Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) | 7291 | 24 September | Seoul, South Korea |
- Many observers believe Griffith-Joyner's time of 10.49 should not have been accepted as a record due to excessive following wind
- Christyakova equalled the previous record of 7.45m with a prior jump
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 100 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 200 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 400 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 800 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 1,500 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 5,000 metres
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 10,000 metres
| RANK | 1988 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS | TIME |
| 1. | John Treacy (IRL) | 1:01:00 |
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic Marathon
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 110m hurdles
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 400m hurdles
- Main race this year: Men's Olympic 3,000m steeplechase
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic High Jump
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Long Jump
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Triple Jump
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Discus Throw
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Shot Put
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Javelin Throw
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Pole Vault
- Main competition this year: Men's Olympic Decathlon
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 100 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 200 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 400 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 800 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 1,500 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 3,000 metres
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 10,000 metres
| RANK | 1988 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS | TIME |
| 1. | Grete Waitz (NOR) | 1:08:49 |
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic Marathon
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 100m hurdles
- Main race this year: Women's Olympic 400m hurdles
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic High Jump
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic Long Jump
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic Shot Put
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic Discus Throw
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic Javelin Throw
- Main competition this year: Women's Olympic Heptathlon
Births
- January 17 — Anna Bulgakova, Russian hammer thrower
- January 21 — Ashton Eaton, American decathlete
- January 26 — Gilbert Yegon, Kenyan long-distance runner
- April 29 — Jan Kudlička, Czech pole vaulter
- May 20 — Yomara Hinestroza, Colombian sprinter
- May 26 — Dani Samuels, Australian discus thrower
- June 22 — Yekaterina Yevseyeva, Kazakh high jumper
- July 5 — Vincent Chepkok, Kenyan long-distance runner
- August 4 — Liam Zamel-Paez, Australian high jumper
- August 10 — Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot, Kenyan marathon runner
- August 24 — Matteo Galvan, Italian sprinter
- August 29 — Harry Aikines-Aryeetey, English sprinter
- September 5 — Chu Yafei, Chinese race walker
- October 31 — Eglė Balčiūnaitė, Lithuanian middle-distance runner
- December 17 — David Rudisha, Kenyan middle-distance runner
Deaths
References
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| National | | Indoor | - Czechoslovak
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| Outdoor | - Australian
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