Territories/ dates[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]   Egypt   Canaan   Ebla   Mari   Kish /Assur   Akshak /Akkad   Uruk   Adab   Umma   Lagash   Ur   Elam     4000–3200 BCE   Naqada I Naqada II     Egypt–Mesopotamia relations    Pre-Dynastic period  (4000–2900 BCE)   Susa I        Uruk period  (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")   Susa II  (Uruk influence or control)    3200–3100 BCE   Proto-Dynastic period  (Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:    Upper Egypt Finger Snail   Fish   Pen-Abu   Animal  Stork   Canide  Bull   Scorpion I   Shendjw   Iry-Hor  Ka  Scorpion II   Narmer  / Menes    Lower Egypt Hedju Hor   Ny-Hor   Hsekiu   Khayu   Tiu   Thesh   Neheb   Wazner   Nat-Hor  Mekh   Double Falcon  Wash      3100–2900 BCE   Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer  Menes  Neithhotep ♀  (regent) Hor-Aha  Djer  Djet  Merneith ♀  (regent) Den  Anedjib  Semerkhet  Qa'a  Sneferka   Horus Bird     Canaanites    Jemdet Nasr period  (3100–2900 BCE)   Proto-Elamite period  (Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)    2900 BCE   Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy  Nebra/Raneb  Nynetjer  Ba   Nubnefer   Horus Sa   Weneg-Nebty   Wadjenes   Senedj   Seth-Peribsen  Sekhemib-Perenmaat  Neferkara I   Neferkasokar   Hudjefa I   Khasekhemwy     Early Dynastic Period I  (2900–2700 BCE)      First Eblaite  Kingdom    First kingdom of Mari     Kish  I dynastyJushur , Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum , Puannum , Kalibum      2800 BCE   
   Kalumum  Zuqaqip  Atab Mashda  Arwium  Etana Balih  En-me-nuna Melem-Kish  Barsal-nuna     Uruk  I dynastyMeshkiangasher      Enmerkar  ("conqueror of Aratta ")     2700 BCE   Early Dynastic Period II  (2700–2600 BCE)           Zamug , Tizqar , Ilku Iltasadum     Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman       Enmebaragesi  ("made the land of Elam submit")[ 6]       Aga of Kish      Gilgamesh     Old Elamite period  (2700–1500 BCE)Indo-Mesopotamia relations     2600 BCE   Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser  (First Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet  Sanakht  Nebka   Khaba  Qahedjet   Huni    Early Dynastic Period III  (2600–2340 BCE)     Sagisu  Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu      Kish  II dynasty (5 kings)Uhub Mesilim    Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum     Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur    Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug  (Queen Puabi )Akalamdug        Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun     Adab Nin-kisalsi  Me-durbaLugal-dalu         2575 BCE   Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru  Khufu Djedefre  Khafre  Bikheris   Menkaure  Shepseskaf  Thamphthis     Ur I dynasty Mesannepada  "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk    2500 BCE   Phoenicia  (2500–539 BCE)   Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il  Nizi Enna-Dagan   Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀    Akshak dynasty  Unzi Undalulu   Uruk  II dynastyEnsha- kushanna    Mug-si    Umma  I dynastyPabilgagaltuku    Lagash  I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal    A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu    Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur     2450 BCE   Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf  Sahure  Neferirkare Kakai  Neferefre  Shepseskare  Nyuserre Ini  Menkauhor Kaiu  Djedkare Isesi  Unas    Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik   Ush Enakalle      Elamite  invasions (3 kings)[ 6]     Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush     2425 BCE   Kun-Damu    Eannatum  (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)    2400 BCE   Adub-DamuIgrish-Halam Irkab-Damu    Kish  IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa    Urur   Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi    E-iginimpa'e Meskigal    Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu  (Queen Bara-irnun )   Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi    Ur  II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II   Kikku-Siwe-Temti     2380 BCE   Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti  Userkare  Pepi I  Merenre Nemtyemsaf I  Pepi II  Merenre Nemtyemsaf II  Netjerkare Siptah     Adab  dynastyLugal-Anne-Mundu  "King of the four quarters of the world"    2370 BCE   Isar-Damu    Enna-Dagan Ikun-IsharIshqi-Mari    Invasion by Mari  Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[ 6]     Ukush    Lugalanda Urukagina    Luh-ishan     2350 BCE      Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin   Uruk  III dynastyLugal-zage-si  (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)    2340 BCE      Akkadian Period  (2340–2150 BCE)        Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad  Rimush  Manishtushu    Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani     2250 BCE   Naram-Sin     Lugal-ushumgal  (vassal of the Akkadians)    2200 BCE   First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare  Neferkare II  Neferkare Neby  Djedkare Shemai  Neferkare Khendu  Merenhor  Neferkamin  Nikare  Neferkare Tereru  Neferkahor  Neferkare Pepiseneb  Neferkamin Anu  Qakare Ibi  Neferkaure  Neferkauhor  Neferirkare    Second Eblaite  Kingdom    Third kingdom of Mari  (Shakkanakku  dynasty) Ididish Shu-DaganIshma-Dagan  (vassals of the Akkadians)   Shar-Kali-Sharri      Igigi , Imi , Nanum , Ilulu  (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul    Uruk  IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir       Lagash  II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me  Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku    Hishep-ratep  HeluKhita Puzur-Inshushinak     2150 BCE   Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety  Neferkare VII  Nebkaure Khety  Setut    Ur III period  (2150–2000 BCE)      Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin    Gutian dynasty  (21 kings)La-erabum Si'um    Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu      Umma  II dynastyLugalannatum  (vassal of the Gutians)   Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani       Tirigan     2125 BCE   Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor  Neferkare VIII  Wahkare Khety  Merikare    
   Uruk  V dynastyUtu-hengal     2100 BCE   (Vassals of UR III)   Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar  (vassals of Ur III)[ 7]     Ur III dynasty  "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu  Shulgi  Amar-Sin  Shu-Sin     2025–1763 BCE   Amorite  invasions    Ibbi-Sin    Elamite  invasionsKindattu  (Shimashki Dynasty )    Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I  Intef I  Intef II  Intef III  Mentuhotep II  Mentuhotep III  Mentuhotep IV       Third Eblaite  Kingdom  (Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya  Indilimma    (Amorite  Shakkanakkus ) Hitial-ErraHanun-Dagan  (...)Lim Dynasty of Mari   (Amorites )Yaggid-Lim  Yahdun-Lim  Yasmah-Adad  Zimri-Lim  (Queen Shibtu )   Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II    Isin-Larsa period  (Amorites )Dynasty of Isin  : Ishbi-Erra  Shu-Ilishu  Iddin-Dagan  Ishme-Dagan  Lipit-Ishtar  Ur-Ninurta  Bur-Suen  Lipit-Enlil  Erra-imitti  Enlil-bani  Zambiya  Iter-pisha  Ur-du-kuga  Suen-magir  Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa : Naplanum  Emisum  Samium  Zabaia  Gungunum  Abisare  Sumuel  Nur-Adad  Sin-Iddinam  Sin-Eribam  Sin-Iqisham  Silli-Adad  Warad-Sin  Rim-Sin I  (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid  Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil  Ilum-gamil An-am  Irdanene  Rîm-Anum  Nabi-ilišu   Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak      Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I  Senusret I  Amenemhat II  Senusret II  Senusret III  Amenemhat III  Amenemhat IV  Sobekneferu ♀     1800–1595 BCE   Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt     Abraham  (Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon    Yamhad  (Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)   Old Assyria   (Shamshi-Adad  dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I  Ishme-Dagan I  Mut-Ashkur  Rimush  Asinum  Ashur-dugul  Ashur-apla-idi  Nasir-Sin  Sin-namir  Ipqi-Ishtar  Adad-salulu  Adasi   (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)  Puzur-Sin  Ashur-dugul  Ashur-apla-idi  Nasir-Sin  Sin-namir  Ipqi-Ishtar  Adad-salulu  Adasi   (Adaside dynasty  1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani  Libaya  Sharma-Adad I  Iptar-Sin  Bazaya  Lullaya  Shu-Ninua  Sharma-Adad II  Erishum III  Shamshi-Adad II  Ishme-Dagan II  Shamshi-Adad III  Ashur-nirari I  Puzur-Ashur III  Enlil-nasir I  Nur-ili  Ashur-shaduni  Ashur-rabi I  Ashur-nadin-ahhe I  Enlil-Nasir II  Ashur-nirari II  Ashur-bel-nisheshu  Ashur-rim-nisheshu  Ashur-nadin-ahhe II  
   First Babylonian dynasty  ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites )Sumu-abum  Sumu-la-El  Sabium  Apil-Sin  Sin-Muballit  Hammurabi  Samsu-iluna  Abi-Eshuh  Ammi-Ditana  Ammi-Saduqa  Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers    Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili  Itti-ili-nibi  Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal  Shushushi  Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-EN  Peshgaldaramesh  Ayadaragalama Akurduana  Melamkurkurra  Ea-gamil      Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt   Abydos Dynasty   Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt   
   Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt  ("Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen   'Aper-'Anati   Sakir-Har  Khyan  Apepi  Khamudi    Mitanni  (1600–1260 BCE)Kirta  Shuttarna I  Baratarna     1531–1155 BCE   Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I  Amenhotep I    Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime  Burnaburiash I  Kashtiliash III  Ulamburiash  Agum III  Karaindash  Kadashman-Harbe I  Kurigalzu I  Kadashman-Enlil I  Burna-Buriash II  Kara-hardash  Nazi-Bugash  Kurigalzu II  Nazi-Maruttash  Kadashman-Turgu  Kadashman-Enlil II  Kudur-Enlil  Shagarakti-Shuriash  Kashtiliash IV  Enlil-nadin-shumi  Kadashman-Harbe II  Adad-shuma-iddina  Adad-shuma-usur  Meli-Shipak II  Marduk-apla-iddina I  Zababa-shuma-iddin  Enlil-nadin-ahi    Middle Elamite period  (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha  
    Thutmose I  Thutmose II  Hatshepsut ♀  Thutmose III     Amenhotep II  Thutmose IV  Amenhotep III  Akhenaten  Smenkhkare   Neferneferuaten ♀  Tutankhamun  Ay  Horemheb    Hittite Empire   (1450–1180 BCE)Suppiluliuma I  Mursili II  Muwatalli II  Mursili III  Hattusili III  Tudhaliya IV  Suppiluliuma II Ugarit  (vassal of Hittites)    Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I  Seti I  Ramesses II  Merneptah  Amenmesses  Seti II  Siptah  Tausret ♀    Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte     1155–1025 BCE   Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte  Ramesses III  Ramesses IV  Ramesses V  Ramesses VI  Ramesses VII  Ramesses VIII  Ramesses IX  Ramesses X  Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period   Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes  Amenemnisu  Psusennes I  Amenemope  Osorkon the Elder  Siamun  Psusennes II   
   Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon    Syro-Hittite states Carchemish    Tabal    Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I  Ashur-uballit I  Enlil-nirari  Arik-den-ili  Adad-nirari I  Shalmaneser I  Tukulti-Ninurta I  Ashur-nadin-apli  Ashur-nirari III  Enlil-kudurri-usur  Ninurta-apal-Ekur  Ashur-dan I  Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur  Mutakkil-Nusku  Ashur-resh-ishi I  Tiglath-Pileser I  Asharid-apal-Ekur  Ashur-bel-kala  Eriba-Adad II  Shamshi-Adad IV  Ashurnasirpal I  Shalmaneser II  Ashur-nirari IV  Ashur-rabi II  Ashur-resh-ishi II  Tiglath-Pileser II  Ashur-dan II    Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu  Itti-Marduk-balatu  Ninurta-nadin-shumi  Nebuchadnezzar I  Enlil-nadin-apli  Marduk-nadin-ahhe  Marduk-shapik-zeri  Adad-apla-iddina  Marduk-ahhe-eriba  Marduk-zer-X  Nabu-shum-libur    Neo-Elamite period  (1100–540 BCE)    1025–934 BCE   Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak  Ea-mukin-zeri  Kashshu-nadin-ahi  Eulmash-shakin-shumi  Ninurta-kudurri-usur I  Shirikti-shuqamuna  Mar-biti-apla-usur  Nabû-mukin-apli     911–745 BCE   Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I  Osorkon I  Shoshenq II  Takelot I  Osorkon II  Shoshenq III  Shoshenq IV  Pami  Shoshenq V  Pedubast II   Osorkon IV   Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A  Takelot II  Pedubast I  Shoshenq VI  Osorkon III  Takelot III  Rudamun  Menkheperre Ini   Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht  Bakenranef   
   Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah    Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II  Tukulti-Ninurta II  Ashurnasirpal II  Shalmaneser III  Shamshi-Adad V  Shammuramat ♀  (regent) Adad-nirari III  Shalmaneser IV  Ashur-Dan III  Ashur-nirari V    Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II  Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina  Shamash-mudammiq  Nabu-shuma-ukin I  Nabu-apla-iddina  Marduk-zakir-shumi I  Marduk-balassu-iqbi  Baba-aha-iddina  (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X  Marduk-bel-zeri  Marduk-apla-usur  Eriba-Marduk  Nabu-shuma-ishkun  Nabonassar  Nabu-nadin-zeri  Nabu-shuma-ukin II  Nabu-mukin-zeri     Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi      745–609 BCE   Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa  ("Black Pharaohs ")Piye  Shebitku  Shabaka  Taharqa  Tanutamun    Neo-Assyrian Empire   (Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser †  Shalmaneser †  Marduk-apla-iddina II  Sargon †  Sennacherib †  Marduk-zakir-shumi II  Marduk-apla-iddina II  Bel-ibni  Ashur-nadin-shumi †  Nergal-ushezib  Mushezib-Marduk  Esarhaddon †  Ashurbanipal  Ashur-etil-ilani  Sinsharishkun  Sin-shumu-lishir  Ashur-uballit II   
    Assyrian conquest of Egypt    Assyrian conquest of Elam     626–539 BCE   Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I  Psamtik I  Necho II  Psamtik II  Wahibre  Ahmose II  Psamtik III    Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar  Nebuchadnezzar II  Amel-Marduk  Neriglissar  Labashi-Marduk  Nabonidus    Median Empire Deioces  Phraortes  Madyes  Cyaxares  Astyages     539–331 BCE   Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt  (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )   Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon    Achaemenid Empire Cyrus  Cambyses  Darius I  Xerxes  Artaxerxes I  Darius II  Artaxerxes II  Artaxerxes III  Artaxerxes IV  Darius III     Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt      Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt      331–141 BCE   Argead dynasty  and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter  Ptolemy Ceraunus  Ptolemy II Philadelphus  Arsinoe II ♀  Ptolemy III Euergetes  Berenice II Euergetis ♀  Ptolemy IV Philopator  Arsinoe III Philopator ♀  Ptolemy V Epiphanes  Cleopatra I Syra ♀  Ptolemy VI Philometor  Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator  Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira ♀  Ptolemy VIII Physcon  Cleopatra III ♀  Ptolemy IX Lathyros  Cleopatra IV ♀  Ptolemy X Alexander  Berenice III ♀  Ptolemy XI Alexander  Ptolemy XII Auletes  Cleopatra V ♀  Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀  Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀  Ptolemy XIII  Ptolemy XIV  Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀  Ptolemy XV Caesarion  Arsinoe IV ♀    Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty  : Alexander III  Philip III  Alexander IV  Antigonid dynasty  : Antigonus I Seleucid Empire  : Seleucus I  Antiochus I  Antiochus II  Seleucus II  Seleucus III  Antiochus III  Seleucus IV  Antiochus IV  Antiochus V  Demetrius I  Alexander III  Demetrius II  Antiochus VI Dionysus  Diodotus Tryphon  Antiochus VII Sidetes     141–30 BCE   Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi  John Hyrcanus  Aristobulus I  Alexander Jannaeus  Salome Alexandra ♀  Hyrcanus II  Aristobulus II  Antigonus II Mattathias    Alexander II Zabinas  Seleucus V Philometor  Antiochus VIII Grypus  Antiochus IX Cyzicenus  Seleucus VI Epiphanes  Antiochus X Eusebes  Antiochus XI Epiphanes  Demetrius III Eucaerus  Philip I Philadelphus  Antiochus XII Dionysus  Antiochus XIII Asiaticus  Philip II Philoromaeus    Parthian Empire Mithridates I  Phraates  Hyspaosines  Artabanus  Mithridates II  Gotarzes  Mithridates III  Orodes I  Sinatruces  Phraates III  Mithridates IV  Orodes II  Phraates IV  Tiridates II  Musa  Phraates V  Orodes III  Vonones I  Artabanus II  Tiridates III  Artabanus II  Vardanes I  Gotarzes II  Meherdates  Vonones II  Vologases I  Vardanes II  Pacorus II  Vologases II  Artabanus III  Osroes I     30 BCE–116 CE   Roman Empire       (Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt    Judaea    Syria     116–117 CE   Province of Mesopotamia  under Trajan    Parthamaspates of Parthia     117–224 CE   Syria Palaestina    Province of Mesopotamia    Sinatruces II  Mithridates V  Vologases IV  Osroes II  Vologases V  Vologases VI  Artabanus IV     224–270 CE   Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I  Shapur I  Hormizd I  Bahram I  Bahram II  Bahram III  Narseh  Hormizd II  Adur Narseh  Shapur II  Ardashir II  Shapur III  Bahram IV  Yazdegerd I  Shapur IV  Khosrow  Bahram V  Yazdegerd II  Hormizd III  Peroz I  Balash  Kavad I  Jamasp  Kavad I  Khosrow I  Hormizd IV  Khosrow II  Bahram VI Chobin  Vistahm     270–273 CE   Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus  Zenobia ♀  Antiochus     273–395 CE   Roman Empire       Province of Egypt    Syria Palaestina    Syria    Province of Mesopotamia     395–618 CE   Byzantine Empire       Byzantine Egypt    Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda    Byzantine Syria    Byzantine Mesopotamia     618–628 CE   (Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz  Shahralanyozan  Shahrbaraz    Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II  Kavad II     628–641 CE   Byzantine Empire     Ardashir III  Shahrbaraz  Khosrow III  Boran ♀  Shapur-i Shahrvaraz  Azarmidokht ♀  Farrukh Hormizd  Hormizd VI  Khosrow IV  Boran  Yazdegerd III  Peroz III  Narsieh      Byzantine Egypt    Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda    Byzantine Syria    Byzantine Mesopotamia     639–651 CE   Muslim conquest of Egypt     Muslim conquest of the Levant     Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia         Chronology of the Neolithic period     Rulers of ancient Central Asia