In attempts to retain or re-assert control over its colonies in America , the Spanish Empire deployed several expeditionary forces during and after the Spanish American wars of independence . The largest of these forces, known as "the expeditionary army of Costa Firme ",[ 1] General Morillo , undertook the Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–16).[ 2] New Spain between 1812 and 1817.[ 3] Mexican independence in 1821, a Spanish garrison was sent from Cuba to occupy Spain's last Mexican outpost, the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa ; this force remained there until surrendering in 1825.[ 4] Isidro Barradas Valdés attempted to regain control of Mexico in 1829.[ 5]
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Period year Number of men Units and Commanders (units changed names in 1820 ) European Expeditions flag year 1812 Unit soldiers Officers Battalion Asturias (Mallorca) 270 men - Battalion Lobera (Infante Don Carlos) 847 men Francisco Bucelli, teniente coronel Regiment América (Murcia) 817 men, Juan José Olazábal Battalion Castilla (Voluntarios de Castilla) 649 men Francisco Hevia Battalion Zamora 910 men Rafael Bracho Battalion Fernando VII -expediciónario- 364 men Ángel Díaz del Castro, teniente coronel
year 1813 Year 1815 Brigadier Fernando Miyares y Mancebo, commander of expedition unit soldiers officers Regiment Órdenes Militares 1126 men, Coronel Francisco LLamas Battalion Voluntarios de Navarra (Barcelona) 623 men Coronel José Ruiz
Year 1817 Mariscal de Campo Pascual Liñan, commander of expedition. unit soldiers officers Regiment Zaragoza 2 Battalions brigadier Domingo Luaces
Date Expeditions Units San Juan de Ulúa Bandera de la flota naval y de las fortalezas españolas Fortress San Juan de Ulúa (Veracruz ) August 7, 1821 Brigadier Juan Rodríguez de la Torre, comandante en jefe Unit Soldiers 1º Company mixed form Regiments Habana and Luisiana, and Battalions Málaga, Cataluña and Tarragona. 105 men 2º Company de Battalion Pardos de la Habana. 75 men 3º Company de Battalion Morenos de la Habana. 75 men 4º Company de voluntarios. 105 men
August 1821 October 1822 1º Commander of fortress Brigadier Francisco Lemaur. 834 soldiers y 44 officers, y 100 artillery men Battalion Cataluña and Málaga. December 24, 1822 354 soldiers y 8 officers Battalion Málaga 75 soldiers Battalion Tarragona March 1823 numbers similar to 1º relief from battalions Cataluña, Tarragona y Málaga. August 1823 July 1824 227 men from Battalions Cataluña and Málaga. January 1825 300 men battalions Cataluña and Tarragona, plus 116 men from Battalion Pardos y Morenos de Cuba. 2º Commander of fortress, brigadier José Coppinger .
Division of Vanguard (1829) flag Commander
Units
Regiment de la Corona (3 Battalions ) I Battalion Rey Fernando II Battalion Reina Amalia III Battalion Real Borbón Squadron of cavalry (dismounted) (incomplete) Company of artillery (short)
Expeditionary Army of Costa Firme (Venezuela and New Granada )
(Perú, Chile and Upper Peru )
References ^ The Americas ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 209. Rodríguez, Independence of Spanish America , 122. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 57. ^ Small contingents from Spain had been arriving in the Americas since 1810. On August 25, 1810, a group of Spanish Marines arrived in Veracruz from Cádiz on the frigate , Nuestra señora de Atocha under the command of Rosendo Porlier and accompanying Viceroy Francisco Javier Venegas . These were the first Spaniards to have come from Europe in support of royalists . Frieyro de Lara. Guerra ejército y sociedad en el nacimiento de la España contemporánea . (2009, Universidad de Granada) p. 660. ^ Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (2005). The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-century Mexico 205– 6. ISBN 978-0-7425-3710-1 . ^ Ruiz Gordejuela Urquijo, Jesús (2006). La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836 ISBN 978-84-00-08467-7 .
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