Hui'an dialect
| Hui'an | |
|---|---|
| 惠安话 / 惠安話 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Mainly in Hui'an and parts of Quangang District (formerly part of Hui'an), South Fujian province. |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jda |
The Hui'an dialect (simplified Chinese: 惠安话; traditional Chinese: 惠安話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hūi-oaⁿ-ōe), is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Hui'an in South Fujian Province, China. It belongs to the Hokkien subgroup of Southern Min.[4]
Phonology
The Hui'an dialect has 14 phonemic initials and over 80 finals.[5][6]
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant[b] | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | tenuis | /p/ 布 | /t/ 大 | /ts/ 左 | /k/ 歌 | /ʔ/ 乌 / 烏 |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ 坡 | /tʰ/ 兔 | /tsʰ/ 菜 | /kʰ/ 去 | ||
| voiced[c] | /b/ 马 / 馬 | /l/[d] 旅 | /ɡ/ 鹅 / 鵝 | |||
| Fricative | /s/ 苏 / 蘇 | /h/ 鱼 / 魚 | ||||
Finals
| /i/ | /ĩ/ | /iʔ/ | /ĩʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /u/ | /uʔ/ | /un/ | /ut/ | ||||||||||
| /a/ | /ã/ | /au/ | /aʔ/ | /ãʔ/ | /auʔ/ | /ãuʔ/ | /am/ | /an/ | /aŋ/ | /ap/ | /at/ | /ak/ | |
| /ai/ | /ãi/ | /ãiʔ/ | |||||||||||
| /e/ | /ẽ/ | /eʔ/ | /ẽʔ/ | /em/ | /en/ | /eŋ/ | /ep/ | /et/ | |||||
| /o/ | /oʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /ɔ/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ɔ̃ʔ/ | /ɔŋ/ | /ɔk/ | |||||||||
| /ɯ/ | /ɯʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /ə/ | /əʔ/ | /ən/ | /ət/ | ||||||||||
| /iu/ | /iũ/ | /iuʔ/ | /iũʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /ia/ | /iã/ | /iau/ | /iãu/ | /iaʔ/ | /iãʔ/ | /iauʔ/ | /iãuʔ/ | /iaŋ/ | /iak/ | ||||
| /io/ | /ioʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /iɔŋ/ | /iɔk/ | ||||||||||||
| /ui/ | /uĩ/ | /uiʔ/ | /uĩʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /ua/ | /uã/ | /uai/ | /uãi/ | /uaʔ/ | /uãiʔ/ | /uan/ | /uaŋ/ | /uat/ | |||||
| /ue/ | /ueʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /m̩ʔ/ | /m̩/ | ||||||||||||
| /ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ŋ̍/ |
Grammar
The demonstrative system has five pairs of pronouns with a two-way distinction:[9][10]
| Proximal | Distal | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 这 / 這 tsit7 (+ number) + numerative | 彼 hit7 (+ number) + numerative | this/that; these/those; this/that kind of |
| 这 / 這 tsat8 | 彼 hat8 | this/that |
| 这 / 這 tse2 | 彼 hə2 | this/that kind of (generic) |
| 遮 tsuai2 | 徊 huai2 | these/those; this/that |
| 种个 / 種個 tsiɔŋ3-2 e2 | 响个 / 響個 hiɔŋ3-2 e2 | this/that kind of |
Comparison with other varieties of Hokkien
Compared with the Quanzhou dialect (spoken in the central urban area of Quanzhou city), the greatest differences are present in the rimes:[11][12]
| Hui'an | Quanzhou | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hui'an | Quanzhou | ||
| /em/ | /iam/ | 粘 | |
| /lem˨˦/ | /liam˨˦/ | ||
| /im/ | 林 | ||
| /lem˨˦/ | /lim˨˦/ | ||
| /ep/ | /iap/ | 接 | |
| /tsep˥/ | /tsiap˥/ | ||
| /ip/ | 执 / 執 | ||
| /tsep˥/ | /tsip˥/ | ||
| /en/ | /ian/ | 烟 / 煙 | |
| /en˧/ | /ian˧/ | ||
| /in/ | 因 | ||
| /en˧/ | /in˧/ | ||
| /et/ | /iat/ | 浙 | |
| /tset˥/ | /tsiat˥/ | ||
| /it/ | 质 / 質 | ||
| /tset˥/ | /tsit˥/ | ||
| /eŋ/ | /iŋ/ | 兵 | |
| /peŋ˧/ | /piŋ˧/ | ||
| /ən/ | /un/ | 银 / 銀 | |
| /gən˨˦/ | /gun˨˦/ | ||
| /ət/ | /ut/ | 核 | |
| /hət˨˧/ | /hut˨˦/ | ||
Notes
- ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
- ^ The alveolar sibilant phonemes /ts/, /tsʰ/ and /s/ are palatalized to [tɕ], [tɕʰ] and [ɕ], respectively, before /i/.[7]
- ^ The three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [m], [n] and [ŋ], respectively, before nasalized finals.[8][6]
- ^ The phoneme /l/ may be treated as a plosive, i.e. /d/.[7]
References
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Chen 2008, p. 568.
- ^ Chen 2011, pp. 17–22.
- ^ a b Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- ^ a b Chen 2011, p. 19.
- ^ Chen 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Chen 2008, pp. 569–570.
- ^ Chen 2011, pp. 96.
- ^ Zhou 2006, pp. 1138–1139.
- ^ Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998.
Sources
- Chen, Weirong (2008). "Relative Clauses in Hui'an Dialect" (PDF). In Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. pp. 567–582.
- Chen, Weirong (2011). The Southern Min Dialect of Hui'an: Morphosyntax and Grammaticalization (PhD). University of Hong Kong. doi:10.5353/th_b4642142.
- Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1998). 惠安县志 (in Chinese). Vol. 35: 方言. Beijing: China Local Records Publishing. ISBN 7-80122-352-7. Archived from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- Zhou, Changji [in Chinese], ed. (2006). 闽南方言大词典 (in Chinese). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9.
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