Sognamål dialect

Sognamål dialect
Sognamål dialect
sognamaol
Region	Sogn
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian (disputed) Sognamål dialect; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old Norse Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Norwegian alphabet); Norwegian Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	no-u-sd-no14

Sognamål (literally "Sogn language", in Sognamål; sognamaol) is a Western Norwegian dialect which is spoken in the area of Sogn. One of the most prominent features of Sognamål is the pronunciation [aʊ] instead of [ɔː] in many words, i.e. exactly how the letter "á" is pronounced in modern Icelandic. The folk/black metal band Windir from Sogndal used the dialect in their lyrics.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[2]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p	t	c͡ç	k
Plosive / Affricate	voiced	b	d	ɟ͡ʝ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
Fricative	voiced	v
Trill			r

/m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
/p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ are plosives, whereas /c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ/ are affricates.^[2]
Phonetically, /r/ can be trilled [r] or tapped [ɾ].^[2]

Vowels

Monophthongs of Sognamål, from Haugen (2004:30)

Monophthong phonemes of Sognamål^[3]
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			ʊ	ʊː
Mid	ɛ	eː	ø	øː	ɔ	ɔː
Open					a	aː

/eː/ is close-mid front [eː]. Its short counterpart is the open-mid front [ɛ].^[3]
/ʊ, ʊː/ are close-mid [o, oː].^[3]
The long /øː/ is open-mid front [œː], whereas the short /ø/ varies between open-mid front [œ] and near-close front [ʉ̞˖].^[3]
/ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ɔ, ɔː].^[3]
/a, aː/ are central [ä, äː].^[3]

Part 1 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Part 2 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Diphthong phonemes of Sognamål^[4]
Starting point	Ending point
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close			iʉ	iʉː
Close-mid	ei	eiː	eʉ	eʉː
Open-mid	ɔi	ɔiː	øy	øyː	oʊ	oʊː
Open	ai	aiː			aʊ	aʊː

/iʉ, iʉː/ are phonetically [iʉ̟, iʉ̟ː].^[5]
/ei, eiː/ are phonetically [ei, eiː].^[5]
/eʉ, eʉː/ are phonetically [eʉ̟, eʉ̟ː].^[5]
/øy, øyː/ are phonetically [œy, œyː].^[5]
/ɔi, ɔiː/ are phonetically [ɔ̟i, ɔ̟iː].^[5]
/oʊ, oʊː/ are phonetically [ɔo, ɔoː].^[5]
/ai, aiː/ are phonetically [äi, äiː].^[5]
/aʊ, aʊː/ are phonetically [äo̟, äo̟ː].^[5]

References

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haugen (2004), p. 32.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haugen (2004), p. 30.
^ Haugen (2004), pp. 30–31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haugen (2004), p. 31.

Bibliography

Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen

[1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200432-2] Haugen (2004), p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200430-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haugen (2004), p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200430–31-4] Haugen (2004), pp. 30–31.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200431-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haugen (2004), p. 31.

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