List of electoral systems by country

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

Maps

Head of state	Lower house or unicameral legislature	Upper house
First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Contingent voting, including Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Election by legislature Election by electoral college Not elected (mostly monarchies) In transition No information	Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Limited voting Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Modified Borda count Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Panachage (party-list PR, free list) Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP) Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP) Additional member system (party-list PR and FPTP seat linkage mixed system) (less proportional implementation of MMP) Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP) Majority bonus system (non-compensatory) Majority jackpot system (compensatory) Two-round majority jackpot system (compensatory) Indirect elections No relevant electoral system information: No elections Varies by state In transition No information	Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Mixed BV and SNTV Limited voting or cumulative voting Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list) Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV) Other: Varies by federal states, or constituency Indirect election: Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state No relevant electoral system information: No elections Appointed by head of state No information / In transition Unicameral

Electoral systems by country

Countries

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system	Notes
Afghanistan	Currently no national elections are held
Albania	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
Albania	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Algeria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Council of the Nation	Upper chamber of legislature	Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3)
	People's National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Andorra	Co-Princes	Head of State	Two-round system (French Prince) Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince)
Andorra	General Council	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Party block voting (14 seats)
Angola	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Angola	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Antigua and Barbuda	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Argentina	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited voting	2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Armenia	President	Head of State	Appointed by the National Assembly
Armenia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority/minority jackpot	If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
Australia	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Instant-runoff voting
Austria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Federal Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by federal states' legislatures
	National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Azerbaijan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Azerbaijan	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Bahamas	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Bahrain	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Consultative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
	Council of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Bangladesh	President	Head of State	Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad
Bangladesh	Jatiya Sangsad	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (300 seats) Reserved for women (50 seats)
Barbados	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Belarus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Council of Republic	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Belgium	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats) Elected by the Senate (10 seats)
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Belize	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Benin	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Benin	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Bhutan	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (20 seats) Appointed by the King (5 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Bolivia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
	Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Presidency	Heads of State	First-past-the-post
	House of Peoples	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by entities legislatures
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Botswana	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Botswana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Brazil	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting (54 seats) First-past-the-post (27 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Brunei	Currently no national elections are held
Bulgaria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Bulgaria	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Burkina Faso	Currently no national elections are held
Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cambodia	King	Head of State	Elective monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by commune councillors (58 sets) Appointed by the King (2 seats) Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cameroon	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by municipal councils (70 seats) Appointed by the President (30 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (58 seats) Party-list proportional representation with a conditional majority jackpot (122 seats)	A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats, if no party get over 50% of the vote, the most voted party is wins half the seats.
Canada	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor General
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Cape Verde	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Cape Verde	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Central African Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Central African Republic	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Chad	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial and communal councils (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (83 seats) Party-list proportional representation with majority jackpot system (105 seats)	A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats; if no party wins over 50% of the vote, seats are allocated proportionally.
Chile	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
China	Currently no national elections are held
Colombia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Comoros	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Comoros	Assembly of the Union	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Democratic Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats) Senator for life (variable seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (436 seats) First-past-the-post (64 seats)
Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Cook Islands	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Cook Islands	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Costa Rica	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	40% of the vote to win in the first round
Costa Rica	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Croatia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Croatia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cuba	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Cyprus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Cyprus	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Czech Republic	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Denmark	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Denmark	Folketing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation^[1]
Djibouti	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Djibouti	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Majority jackpot system with limited party-list proportional representation	80% of seats to the most voted party
Dominica	President	Head of State	Elected by the House of Assembly
Dominica	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (21 seats) Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats) Attorney General (1 seat) Speaker (1 seat)
Dominican Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
East Timor	President	Head of State	Two-round system
East Timor	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
Ecuador	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Egypt	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Egypt	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Two-round system (284 seats) Party-list proportional representation (284 seats) Appointed by the President (28 seats)
El Salvador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
El Salvador	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Equatorial Guinea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (55 seats) Appointed by the President (15 seats)
	Chamber of People's Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Eritrea	Currently no national elections are held
Estonia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Riigikogu
Estonia	Riigikogu	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Eswatini	Ngwenyama	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats) Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats)
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Ethiopia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly
	House of Federation	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the State Councils
	House of Peoples' Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Fiji	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
Fiji	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Finland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Finland	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
France	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by local councillors
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Gabon	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Gambia	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Gambia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (53 seats) Appointed by the President (5 seats)
Georgia	President	Head of State	Electoral college
Georgia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Germany	President	Head of State	Elected by the Federal Convention
	Bundesrat	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by State Governments
	Bundestag	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation^[2]
Ghana	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Ghana	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Greece	President	Head of State	Elected by the Hellenic Parliament
Greece	Hellenic Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Grenada	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Guatemala	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Guatemala	Congress of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Guinea	Currently no national elections are held
Guinea-Bissau	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Guinea-Bissau	National People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Guyana	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Guyana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Haiti	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Honduras	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Honduras	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Hungary	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Hungary	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (106 seats) Party-list proportional representation (93 seats)	Combination of partially compensatory system^[3]
Iceland	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Iceland	Alþing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
India	President	Head of State	Electoral college	Electoral college consists of the Parliament and state legislative assemblies
	Rajya Sabha	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats) Appointed by the President (12 seats)
	Lok Sabha	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Indonesia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	Some areas use the noken system.
	Regional Representative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
	People's Representative Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Iran	Supreme Leader	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly of Experts
	President	Head of Government	Two-round system
	Islamic Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system Two-round plurality block voting
	Assembly of Experts	Electoral College	First-past-the-post Plurality block voting
Iraq	President	Head of State	Elected by the Council of Representatives
Iraq	Council of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Ireland	President	Head of State	Instant-runoff voting
	Seanad Éireann	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by vocational panels (43 seats) Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats) Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats)
	Dáil Éireann	Lower chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
Israel	President	Head of State	Elected by the Knesset
Israel	Knesset	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation^[4]
Italy	President	Head of State	Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (126 seats) First-past-the-post (74 seats) Senators for life (variable seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (253 seats) First-past-the-post (147 seats)
Ivory Coast	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils (66 seats) Appointed by the President (33 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Jamaica	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Japan	Emperor	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Single non-transferable vote (148 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (289 seats) Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
Jordan	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Kazakhstan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the local mäslihats (40 seats) Appointed by the President (10 seats)
	Mäjilis	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (69 seats) First-past-the-post (29 seats)
Kenya	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (47 seats) Appointed (20 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (337 seats) Appointed (12 seats)
Kiribati	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Kiribati	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats) Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat)
Kuwait	Emir	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Kuwait	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Kyrgyzstan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Kyrgyzstan	Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (54 seats) First-past-the-post (36 seats)
Laos	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Laos	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Latvia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Saeima
Latvia	Saeima	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lebanon	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
Lebanon	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lesotho	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats) Appointed by the King (11 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Liberia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Libya	Currently no national elections are held
Liechtenstein	Prince	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Liechtenstein	Landtag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lithuania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Lithuania	Seimas	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Two-round system (71 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
Luxembourg	Grand Duke	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Luxembourg	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Madagascar	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats) Appointed by the President (6 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (77 seats) Party-list proportional representation (86 seats)
Malawi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Malawi	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Malaysia	Yang di-Pertuan Agong	Head of State	Elective monarchy
	Dewan Negara	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats) Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats)
	Dewan Rakyat	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Maldives	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Maldives	People's Majlis	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Mali	Currently no national elections are held
Malta	President	Head of State	Elected by the House of Representatives
Malta	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote
Marshall Islands	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Legislature
Marshall Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Mauritania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mauritania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
Mauritius	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Mauritius	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (62 seats) Best Loser System (8 seats)
Mexico	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Limited voting (96 seats) Party-list proportional representation (32 seats)	Limited voting: 2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (300 seats) Party-list proportional representation (200 seats)	A party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally. A party can't win more than 300 seats overall.
Micronesia	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Congress
Micronesia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Moldova	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Moldova	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Monaco	Prince	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Monaco	National Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (16 seats) Party-list proportional representation (8 seats)
Mongolia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mongolia	State Great Khural	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Montenegro	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Montenegro	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Morocco	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regions
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Mozambique	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation^[5]
Myanmar	Currently no national elections are held
Namibia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (96 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
Nauru	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Parliament
Nauru	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Dowdall system
Nepal	President	Head of State	Electoral college	Electoral college consists of the Parliament and the provincial assemblies
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial assemblies
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (165 seats) Party-list proportional representation (110 seats)
Netherlands	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation^[6]
New Zealand	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
New Zealand	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Nicaragua	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Nicaragua	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Niger	Currently no national elections are held
Nigeria	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	Most voted and as well as over 25% of the vote in 3/4 of the states to win in first round
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Niue	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Niue	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
North Korea	Supreme People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
North Macedonia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
North Macedonia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Norway	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Norway	Storting	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Oman	Sultan	Head of State and Government	Hereditary monarchy
	Council of State	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Sultan
	Consultative Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Pakistan	President	Head of State	Electoral college	Electoral college consists of the Parliament and provincial assemblies
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the provincial assemblies
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (266 seats) Reserved for women and minorities appointed to parties proportionally to seats already won (70 seats)
Palau	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
	House of Delegates	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Panama	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Panama	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (45 seats) First-past-the-post (26 seats)
Papua New Guinea	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Papua New Guinea	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Instant runoff voting
Paraguay	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Peru	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Peru	Congress	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Philippines	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (253 seats) Party-list proportional representation (63 seats)	Party-list PR: No party can wins more than 3 seats.
Poland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	Sejm	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Portugal	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Portugal	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Qatar	Currently no national elections are held
Romania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Russia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Federation Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by federal subjects' legislatures
	State Duma	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (225 seats) Party-list proportional representation (225 seats)
Rwanda	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils (12 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (53 seats) Elected by local and national councils (27 seats)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Kitts and Nevis	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Saint Lucia	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (15 seats) Appointed by the Governor-General (6 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
Samoa	O le Ao o le Malo	Head of State	Elected by the Legislative Assembly
Samoa	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
San Marino	Captains Regent	Head of State	Elected by the Grand and General Council
San Marino	Grand and General Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with a majority jackpot in the second round only.	If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
São Tomé and Príncipe	President	Head of State	Two-round system
São Tomé and Príncipe	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Saudi Arabia	Currently no national elections are held
Senegal	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senegal	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats) Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
Serbia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Serbia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Seychelles	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Seychelles	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (26 seats) Party-list proportional representation (up to 10 seats)	Party-list PR: For each 10% of the vote, a party gets one seat.
Sierra Leone	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	55% of the vote to win in first round
Sierra Leone	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (135 seats) Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats)
Singapore	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Singapore	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party block voting (82 seats) First-past-the-post (15 seats) Best losers (up to 12 seats) Appointed by the president (9 seats)
Slovakia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Slovakia	National Council	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Slovenia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Solomon Islands	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Solomon Islands	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
South Africa	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
	National Council of Provinces	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
South Korea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
South Korea	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation (de facto): First-past-the-post (254 seats) Party-list proportional representation (46 seats)	^{[note 1]}
South Sudan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the state's legislative assembly
	National Legislative Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (158 seats) Party-list proportional representation (157 seats) Appointed by the President (17 seats)
Spain	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited plurality block voting (208 seats) Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats)
	Congress of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sri Lanka	President	Head of State and Government	Instant-runoff voting
Sri Lanka	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sudan	Currently no national elections are held
Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Suriname	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sweden	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Sweden	Riksdag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Switzerland	Federal Council	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Federal Assembly
	Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (4 seats) Landsgemeinde (1 seat)
	National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Syria	Currently no national elections are held
Taiwan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Taiwan	Legislative Yuan	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (73 seats) Party-list proportional representation (34 seats) Single non-transferable vote (6 seats)
Tajikistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Assembly of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (22 seats)
Tanzania	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Tanzania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (264 seats) Party-list proportional representation (113 seats) Appointed by the President (10 seats) Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
Thailand	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (400 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
Togo	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional and municipal councils (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Tonga	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Tonga	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Trinidad and Tobago	President	Head of State	Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Tunisia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Council of Regions and Districts	Upper chamber legislature	Elected by the regional and district councils
	Assembly of the Representatives of the People	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Turkey	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Turkey	Grand National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Turkmenistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Turkmenistan	Assembly	Unicameral of legislature	First-past-the-post
Tuvalu	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Tuvalu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Uganda	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Uganda	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Ukraine	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Ukraine	Verkhovna Rada	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
United Arab Emirates	Currently no national elections are held
United Kingdom	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Lords	Upper chamber of legislature	Life peer appointed by the King (670 seats) Hereditary peer (92 seats) Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats)
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
United States	President	Head of State and Government	Electoral college
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
Uruguay	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Uzbekistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by members of local councils (84 seats) Appointed by the President (16 seats)
	Legislative Chamber	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (75 seats) Party-list proportional representation (75 seats)
Vanuatu	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils
Vanuatu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Vatican City	Currently no national elections are held
Venezuela	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Venezuela	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party-list proportional representation (149 seats) Plurality block voting (136 seats)
Vietnam	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Vietnam	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Yemen	Currently no national elections are held
Zambia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Zambia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (156 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats) Ex officio members (3 seats)
Zimbabwe	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (60 seats) Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats) Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (210 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)

Countries with limited recognition

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system	Notes
Abkhazia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Abkhazia	People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Kosovo	President	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly
Kosovo	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Northern Cyprus	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Northern Cyprus	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Palestine	Currently no national elections are held
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	President	Head of State	Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Sahrawi National Council	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
South Ossetia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
South Ossetia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (17 seats) Party-list proportional representation (17 seats)
Somaliland	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	House of Elders	Upper chamber of legislature	—	Currently no system defined
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Transnistria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Transnistria	Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post

Colonies and dependencies

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system
Alderney	States	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
American Samoa	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by county councils
American Samoa	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
Anguilla	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (7 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Deputy Governor (1 seats)
Ascension	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Bermuda	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor
Bermuda	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
British Virgin Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (9 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
Cayman Islands	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Falkland Islands	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
French Polynesia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Gibraltar	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Limited plurality block voting
Guam	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Guernsey	States of Deliberation	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Hong Kong	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats) Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats) Single non-transferable vote (20 seats)
Isle of Man	Legislative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats) President of Tynwald (1 seat) Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat) Attorney General (1 seat)
Isle of Man	House of Keys	Lower chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
Jersey	States Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (37 seats) First-past-the-post (12 seats)
Macau	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Indirectly elected member (12 seats) appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats)
Montserrat	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
New Caledonia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Northern Mariana Islands	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (6 seats) First-past-the-post (3 seats)
Northern Mariana Islands	House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (18 seats) First-past-the-post (2 seats)
Pitcairn Islands	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote (7 seats) Administrator (1 seat) Governor (1 seat) Deputy Governor (1 seat)
Puerto Rico	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Party block voting (16 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
Puerto Rico	House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post (40 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
Saint Barthélemy	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Saint Helena	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (12 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
Saint Martin	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Sark	Chief Pleas	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Tokelau	General Fono	Unicameral legislature	[data missing]
Tristan da Cunha	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Turks and Caicos Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (10 seats) Plurality block voting (9 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (14 seats) First-past-the-post (1 seat)
Wallis and Futuna	Territorial Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation

Notes

^ South Korea uses the additional member system de jure, but it has been de facto nullified via decoy list usage by major political parties.^[7]

References

^ Note: 135 elected in 12 multi-seat districts with 2 to 20 seats in each, plus 40 levelling seats allocated based on overall party vote shares.
^ Note: combines First-past-the-post voting for constituency seats with levelling seats to ensure composition of Bundestag mirrors the national popular vote
^ "2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye" (in Hungarian).
^ at-large districting
^ Note: 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic are elected by proportional representation in eleven multi-member constituencies based on the country's ten provinces and the capital region, with district magnitude ranging from 14 to 45, and through first-past-the-post voting in two single-member constituencies
^ at-large districting
^ Nam, Hyun-woo (2024-02-05). "Major parties revert to criticized tactic to boost votes ahead of crucial election". The Korea Times.

External links

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.

[8] South Korea uses the additional member system de jure, but it has been de facto nullified via decoy list usage by major political parties.^[7]

[1] Note: 135 elected in 12 multi-seat districts with 2 to 20 seats in each, plus 40 levelling seats allocated based on overall party vote shares.

[2] Note: combines First-past-the-post voting for constituency seats with levelling seats to ensure composition of Bundestag mirrors the national popular vote

[3] "2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye" (in Hungarian).

[4] t-large districting

[5] Note: 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic are elected by proportional representation in eleven multi-member constituencies based on the country's ten provinces and the capital region, with district magnitude ranging from 14 to 45, and through first-past-the-post voting in two single-member constituencies

[6] t-large districting

[7] Nam, Hyun-woo (2024-02-05). "Major parties revert to criticized tactic to boost votes ahead of crucial election". The Korea Times.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[note 1]

[7]