1991 Nobel Prizes
The 1991 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.[1]
Prizes
Physics
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007) | .svg.png){kind=small} French | "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" | [2] |
Chemistry
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021) | .svg.png){kind=small} Swiss | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" | [3] |
Physiology or Medicine
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Erwin Neher (b. 1944) |  Germany | "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" | [4] |
 | Bert Sakmann (b. 1942) | |||
Literature
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.JPG) | Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) | .svg.png){kind=small} South Africa | "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity" | [5] |
Peace
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | Aung San Suu Kyi (born 1945) |  Myanmar | "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights." | [6] |
Economic Sciences
| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Ronald Coase (1910–2013) |  United Kingdom | "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" | [7] |
References
- ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-14.