Lingling (Chinese: Linghua 伶话 Línghuà or Lingling hua; Lingling: liŋ55 va33) is an unclassified mixed Chinese dialect. It is spoken by 20,000 ethnic Miao in Longsheng County, Guangxi. It is only spoken within the community; with outsiders, Southwestern Mandarin is spoken.
He (2009) covers the Linghua dialect of Taiping (太平村), Pingdeng Township (平等乡), Longsheng County, Guangxi.
A description of the Taipingtang 太平塘村 dialect of Linghua can be found in Wang (2014).[1]
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
/i, a, ɔ, u, y, ə/
Tones | Tone category | Tone value |
| A1 | 55 |
| A2 | 22 |
| B1 | 33 |
| B2 | 44 |
| C | 44 |
| D | 22 |
Vocabulary
This section lists sample vocabulary in Linghua from Wang (2014). Translated English glosses have also been provided.[1]
Pronouns
| sg. | pl. |
| 1st person | ŋa³³ | ŋai³³ |
| 2nd person | ŋ̩³³ | ŋ̩³³liɛ⁵⁵ |
| 3rd person | tʰa⁵⁵, i⁵⁵ | i⁵⁵liɛ⁵⁵ |
Numerals
| Numeral | Linghua |
| 1 | i²² |
| 2 | ni⁴⁴ |
| 3 | ɬa⁵⁵ |
| 4 | ɬi⁴⁴ |
| 5 | ŋ̩³³ |
| 6 | liu²² |
| 7 | tɬʰi²² |
| 8 | pia²² |
| 9 | tɕiu³³ |
| 10 | dl̩²² |
Nature
| Chinese gloss | English gloss | Linghua |
| 天 | sky | tʰiɛ⁵⁵ |
| 太阳 | sun | ni²²dau²²/⁵⁵ |
| 月亮 | moon | wei²²liɔ⁴⁴ |
| 星星 | star | ɬiɛ⁵⁵liɛ³³ |
| 云 | cloud | uŋ²²wu⁴⁴ |
| 雨 | rain | u³³ |
| 风 | wind | puŋ⁵⁵ |
| 山 | mountain | ɬai⁵⁵ |
| 田 | field | diɛ²² |
Body parts
| Chinese gloss | English gloss | Linghua |
| 头 | head | dau²² |
| 头发 | hair (of head) | dau²²pei²²/⁵⁵ |
| 脸 | face | miɛ⁴⁴ |
| 耳朵 | ear | niɛ³³tɔ³³ |
| 眼睛 | eye | ŋai³³tɬiɛ⁵⁵ |
| 鼻子 | nose | bi²²haŋ³³ |
| 嘴 | mouth | hau³³ |
| 舌头 | tongue | iɛ²²liɛ³³ |
| 牙齿 | tooth | ŋa²²tɬʰl̩³³ |
| 脖子 | neck | tɕiɛ³³kuai³³ |
| 肩 | shoulder | kai⁵⁵dau²² |
| 脊背 | back | pei⁴⁴ |
| 手 | hand | ɕiu³³ |
| 脚 | leg, foot | tɕiɔ²² |
| 心 | heart | ɬiŋ⁵⁵ |
| 肉 | meat, flesh | nai⁴⁴ |
| 皮 | skin | bi²² |
| 骨头 | bone | gy³³ |
| 左 | left (side) | tɬɔ³³ |
| 右 | right (side) | iu⁴⁴ |
References
- ^ a b c Wang, Fushi 王辅世 (2014). "Guangxi Longsheng Linghua jilüe 广西龙胜伶话记略". Wang Fushi yuyan yanjiu wenji 王辅世语言研究文集. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China). ISBN 978-7-5097-5966-0. (Originally published in Fangyan 方言 1979(2):137-141; 1979(3):231-240)
- He Danpeng [何丹鵬]. 2009. 廣西龍勝伶話語音的歷史層次研究 [Study of the Longsheng (Guangxi) Linghua phonology and its historical strata]. Ph.D. dissertation. City University of Hong Kong.
- Ming studies, 34–35:55, University of Minnesota, 1990
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- GX = Guangxi
- HK = Hong Kong
- MC = Macau
- NM = Inner Mongolia
- XJ = Xinjiang
- XZ = Tibet
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