List of medalists at the FIG World Cup Final

This is a list of medalists at the FIG World Cup Final.

Acrobatic gymnastics

IFSA era

1975
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling Soviet Union Yuri Sikunov Bulgaria Raieto Kolev Poland Rostek Leszek [1]
Women's individual tumbling Soviet Union Hadeshda Alaslobeyschikova Bulgaria Vania Babkina Poland Elzhita Krzepowska [1]
Men's pair  Soviet Union   Switzerland None awarded [1]
Women's pair  Bulgaria  West Germany  Poland [1]
Mixed pair  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  Poland [1]
Men's group  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  West Germany [1]
Women's group  Poland  Soviet Union None awarded [1]
1977
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling Soviet Union Aleksander Rasolin United States Steve Elliott Poland Rostek Leszek [2]
Women's individual tumbling Soviet Union Ludmila Siganova Poland Grazyna Kosmala Bulgaria Mela Mustafova [2]
Men's pair  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  Poland [2]
Women's pair  Soviet Union  Poland  Hungary [2]
Mixed pair  Bulgaria  Poland  West Germany [2]
Men's group  Soviet Union  Poland  Bulgaria [2]
Women's group  Soviet Union  Poland  Bulgaria [2]
1981
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling all-around Soviet Union Aleksander Rasolin Soviet Union Igor Brigman Poland Andrzej Garstka
China Xinggang Hu 		[3]
Men's individual tumbling first exercise Soviet Union Aleksander Rasolin Poland Andrzej Garstka
Soviet Union Igor Brigman 		China Xinggang Hu
United States Steve Elliott 		[3]
Men's individual tumbling second exercise Poland Andrzej Garstka Soviet Union Aleksander Rasolin China Xinggang Hu
Soviet Union Igor Brigman
United States Steve Elliott 		[3]
Women's individual tumbling all-around Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova Bulgaria Mela Mustafova Bulgaria Vania Vasileva [3]
Women's individual tumbling first exercise Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova China Cao Zhongying Bulgaria Mela Mustafova [3]
Women's individual tumbling second exercise Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova Bulgaria Vania Vasileva Bulgaria Mela Mustafova [3]
Men's pair all-around  Soviet Union  China  Poland [3]
Men's pair first exercise  Soviet Union  China  Poland [3]
Men's pair second exercise  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [3]
Women's pair all-around  Bulgaria  China  Soviet Union [3]
Women's pair first exercise  Bulgaria
 Soviet Union 		 China  Poland [3]
Women's pair second exercise  China  Bulgaria  Poland [3]
Mixed pair all-around  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [3]
Mixed pair first exercise  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [3]
Mixed pair second exercise  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [3]
Men's group all-around  China  Soviet Union  Bulgaria [3]
Men's group first exercise  China
 Soviet Union 		 Poland  West Germany [3]
Men's group second exercise  Soviet Union  China  Bulgaria [3]
Women's group all-around  China  Soviet Union  Poland [3]
Women's group first exercise  Soviet Union  China  Bulgaria [3]
Women's group second exercise  Soviet Union  Poland  China [3]
1983
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling overall China Hu Zingyang Bulgaria Plamen Issionov Poland Andrzej Garstka [4]
Men's individual tumbling straight United States Steve Elliott Poland Andrzej Garstka United Kingdom Ian Mathews [4]
Men's individual tumbling twist China Hu Zingyang Poland Andrzej Garstka United States Jerry Hardy [4]
Women's individual tumbling overall Bulgaria Mela Mustafova China Cao Zhongying Bulgaria Penka Nenova [4]
Women's individual tumbling straight Bulgaria Mela Mustafova United Kingdom Kim Hetherington United States Michelle Spillman [4]
Women's individual tumbling twist Bulgaria Penka Nenova China Zhao Yibo United States Jill Hollembeak [4]
Men's pair overall  China  Bulgaria  Poland [4]
Men's pair balance  Bulgaria
 China 		None awarded  Poland [4]
Men's pair tempo  China  Bulgaria  Poland [4]
Women's pair overall  China  Poland  Bulgaria [4]
Women's pair balance  Bulgaria  China  Poland [4]
Women's pair tempo  China  Poland  West Germany [4]
Mixed pair overall  Bulgaria  China  United States [4]
Mixed pair balance  Bulgaria  China  United States [4]
Mixed pair tempo  Bulgaria  China  United States [4]
Men's group overall  China  Bulgaria  Poland [4]
Men's group balance  China  Bulgaria  Poland [4]
Men's group tempo  China  Poland  Bulgaria [4]
Women's group overall  Bulgaria  Poland  China [4]
Women's group balance  Bulgaria  China  West Germany [4]
Women's group tempo  Poland  Bulgaria
 China 		None awarded [4]
1985
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling overall Soviet Union Igor Brigman China Feng Tao China Chao Chunhua [5]
Men's individual tumbling straight Soviet Union Igor Brigman China Chao Chunhua Bulgaria Svetoslav Slavov [5]
Men's individual tumbling twist China Feng Tao Soviet Union Zij Mazmazashvilli Bulgaria Tzvetoliub Stoytzev [5]
Women's individual tumbling overall China Huang Ruifeng
China Yao Zhihua 		Soviet Union Elena Burgaeva Bulgaria Penka Nenova [5]
Women's individual tumbling straight China Huang Ruifeng Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova Bulgaria Meli Markova
Poland Dorota Poplavska 		[5]
Women's individual tumbling twist Soviet Union Elena Burgaeva
China Yao Zhihua 		Bulgaria Penka Nenova United States Jill Hollembeak [5]
Men's pair overall  China  Soviet Union  Bulgaria [5]
Men's pair balance  China
 Soviet Union 		 Bulgaria None awarded [5]
Men's pair tempo  Soviet Union  China  Bulgaria [5]
Women's pair overall  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China
 West Germany 		[5]
Women's pair balance  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [5]
Women's pair tempo  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [5]
Mixed pair overall  Soviet Union  Bulgaria
 China 		None awarded [5]
Mixed pair balance  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [5]
Mixed pair tempo  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [5]
Men's group overall  China  Soviet Union  Bulgaria [5]
Men's group balance  Soviet Union  China  Bulgaria [5]
Men's group tempo  Bulgaria  China  Soviet Union [5]
Women's group overall  Soviet Union  China  United Kingdom [5]
Women's group balance  Soviet Union  China  West Germany [5]
Women's group tempo  China
 Soviet Union 		 United Kingdom  West Germany [5]
1987
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling overall Soviet Union Sergei Pogiba China Feng Tao Soviet Union Sergei Ivanov [6]
Men's individual tumbling straight China Feng Tao Soviet Union Sergei Pogiba Bulgaria Svetoslav Slavov [6]
Men's individual tumbling twist Soviet Union Sergei Pogiba China Xinggang Hu Bulgaria Yordan Tzintzarsky [6]
Women's individual tumbling overall Soviet Union Elena Burgaeva Bulgaria Penka Nenova China Huang Ruifeng [6]
Women's individual tumbling straight China Huang Ruifeng Bulgaria Penka Nenova United Kingdom Philippa Musikant [6]
Women's individual tumbling twist Bulgaria Penka Nenova Soviet Union Irina Medvedeva China Yuping Zhong [6]
Men's pair overall  Soviet Union  China  Poland [6]
Men's pair balance  Soviet Union  China  Poland [6]
Men's pair tempo  Soviet Union  China  Poland [6]
Women's pair overall  Soviet Union  China  Bulgaria [6]
Women's pair balance  China  Soviet Union  Bulgaria [6]
Women's pair tempo  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [6]
Mixed pair overall  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  China [6]
Mixed pair balance  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [6]
Mixed pair tempo  Bulgaria
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  China [6]
Men's group overall  China  Soviet Union  Poland [6]
Men's group balance  China  Poland  Soviet Union [6]
Men's group tempo  China  Soviet Union  Poland [6]
Women's group overall  Bulgaria  China  Poland [6]
Women's group balance  Bulgaria  China  West Germany [6]
Women's group tempo  Bulgaria  China  Poland [6]
1989
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling overall Soviet Union Aleksei Kryzhanovsky Poland Krzysztof Wilusz China Hu Ming [7]
Men's individual tumbling straight United States Steve Elliott Soviet Union Aleksei Kryzhanovsky France Christophe Lambert [7]
Men's individual tumbling twist France Pascal Eouzan Soviet Union Evgeniy Ivanov United States Jon Beck [7]
Women's individual tumbling overall Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova China Yao Zhihua United States Stephanie Webb [7]
Women's individual tumbling straight Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova Bulgaria Mariela Manolova United Kingdom Philippa Musikant
Hungary Ildiko Dragomer
United States Stephanie Webb 		[7]
Women's individual tumbling twist Soviet Union Lyudmila Gramova China Yao Zhihua United States Stephanie Webb [7]
Men's pair overall  China
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  Bulgaria [7]
Men's pair balance  China
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  Bulgaria [7]
Men's pair tempo  China  Soviet Union  Poland [7]
Women's pair overall  Bulgaria  China  Soviet Union [7]
Women's pair balance  Bulgaria
 China 		None awarded  Soviet Union [7]
Women's pair tempo  Bulgaria  China  Poland [7]
Mixed pair overall  Bulgaria
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  China [7]
Mixed pair balance  Bulgaria
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  China [7]
Mixed pair tempo  China
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  Bulgaria [7]
Men's group overall  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [7]
Men's group balance  Soviet Union  Hungary  China [7]
Men's group tempo  China  Bulgaria  Soviet Union [7]
Women's group overall  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [7]
Women's group balance  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  China [7]
Women's group tempo  Bulgaria  China  Soviet Union [7]
1991
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling Soviet Union Aleksey Kryzhanovsky China Chen Bo Soviet Union Evgeniy Ivanov [8]
Women's individual tumbling Soviet Union Natalia Kadatova France Chrystel Robert United Kingdom Philippa Musikant [8]
Men's pair  China
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  Bulgaria [8]
Women's pair  Bulgaria
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  China [8]
Mixed pair  China
 Soviet Union 		None awarded  Poland [8]
Men's group  Soviet Union  West Germany
 United Kingdom 		None awarded [8]
Women's group  Soviet Union  China  North Korea [8]
1993
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual tumbling overall Russia Vladimir Ignatenko Ukraine Yuri Pedorenko China Chen Bo [9]
Men's individual tumbling somersault Russia Vladimir Ignatenko China Chen Bo Ukraine Yuri Pedorenko [9]
Men's individual tumbling twist Ukraine Yuri Pedorenko Bulgaria Pavel Pavlov China Chen Bo [9]
Women's individual tumbling overall Russia Tatyana Paniyvan Russia Natalia Borisenko France Chrystel Robert [9]
Women's individual tumbling sommersault Russia Tatyana Paniyvan France Chrystel Robert China Yuping Zhong [9]
Women's individual tumbling twist China Xiangqi Wang Kazakhstan Tatiana Fedorchenko Russia Natalia Borisenko [9]
Men's pair overall  China
 Russia 		None awarded  Bulgaria [10]
Men's pair balance  China  Bulgaria  Poland [10]
Men's pair tempo  China  Russia  Bulgaria [10]
Women's pair overall  Russia  China  Bulgaria [10]
Women's pair balance  China  Bulgaria  Germany [10]
Women's pair tempo  Russia  China  Bulgaria [10]
Mixed pair overall  China  Russia  Bulgaria [10]
Mixed pair balance  China  Bulgaria  Russia [10]
Mixed pair tempo  China  Russia  Bulgaria [10]
Men's group overall  China Georgia (country) Georgia  Poland [11]
Men's group balance  China  Russia  Azerbaijan
Georgia (country) Georgia 		[11]
Men's group tempo  China  Azerbaijan  Poland [11]
Women's group overall  China  Russia  Poland [11]
Women's group balance  China  Poland  Russia [11]
Women's group tempo  Russia  China  Poland [11]

FIG era

2003
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Mixed pair  Russia  United Kingdom  Portugal [12]
Men's pair  Russia  Belgium  Ukraine [12]
Men's group  Russia  United Kingdom  Ukraine [12]
Women's group  Russia  Ukraine  Belarus [12]
2007
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Women's pair  Belarus  Belarus  Ukraine [13]
Mixed pair  Russia  United States  Belarus [13]
Men's pair  Russia  Portugal  United Kingdom [13]
Women's pair  Belarus  Belarus  Ukraine [13]
Women's group  Belarus  Russia  United States [13]

Aerobic gymnastics

2001
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual France Grégory Alcan Iceland Halldör Johannsson Russia Vassili Kozyrev [14]
Women's individual Romania Izabela Lăcătuș Romania Mihaela Pohoata Italy Giovanna Lecis [14]
Mixed pair  Romania  Russia  France [14]
Trio  France  Romania  Bulgaria [14]
2003
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual Spain Jonatan Cañada France Grégory Alcan Russia Stanislav Marchenkov [15]
Women's individual Romania Izabela Lăcătuș Italy Giovanna Lecis Japan Yuriko Ito [15]
Mixed pair  Romania  Russia  Italy [15]
Trio  Chile  France  Romania [15]
Group  Russia  France  Italy [15]
2007
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual China Ao Jinping Spain Ivan Parejo Romania Mircea Zamfir [16]
Women's individual Spain Elmira Dassaeva Italy Arianna Ciucci France Aurélie Joly [16]
Mixed pair  Italy  France  China [16]
Trio  Romania  China  France [16]
Group  China  Romania  France [16]

Artistic gymnastics

1975
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Olga Korbut Hungary Márta Egervári
Soviet Union Elvira Saadi 		[17]
Men's floor exercise Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Soviet Union Vladimir Safronov [18]
Men's pommel horse Hungary Zoltán Magyar Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama [18]
Men's still rings Japan Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Fumio Honma Romania Dan Grecu [18]
Men's vault Soviet Union Paata Shamugia Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama Soviet Union Vladimir Safronov [18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama
Japan Mitsuo Tsukahara 		None awarded [18]
Men's horizontal bar Japan Mitsuo Tsukahara West Germany Eberhard Gienger Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama [18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Elvira Saadi
Soviet Union Olga Koval 		None awarded [18]
Women's uneven bars Soviet Union Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Lidia Gorbik Soviet Union Elvira Saadi [18]
Women's balance beam Soviet Union Ludmilla Tourischeva Hungary Márta Egervári Soviet Union Elvira Saadi [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Ludmilla Tourischeva Romania Teodora Ungureanu
Soviet Union Elvira Saadi 		None awarded [18]
1977
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov
Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov 		None awarded Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Maria Filatova East Germany Steffi Kräker Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova [17]
Men's floor exercise Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov [18]
Men's pommel horse Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov
East Germany Michael Nikolay 		None awarded Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov [18]
Men's vault Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov East Germany Roland Brückner [18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Nikolay Andrianov Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov Japan Sawao Kato [18]
Men's horizontal bar West Germany Eberhard Gienger
Soviet Union Vladimir Markelov
Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov 		None awarded None awarded [18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova Soviet Union Maria Filatova Hungary Márta Egervári [18]
Women's uneven bars Soviet Union Elena Mukhina Soviet Union Maria Filatova East Germany Steffi Kräker [18]
Women's balance beam Soviet Union Elena Mukhina East Germany Steffi Kräker Romania Anca Grigoraș [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Maria Filatova Czechoslovakia Vera Cerna
East Germany Steffi Kräker 		None awarded [18]
1978
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin United States Kurt Thomas Soviet Union Eduard Azaryan [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Maria Filatova East Germany Silvia Hindorff Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova [17]
Men's floor exercise East Germany Roland Brückner United States Kurt Thomas Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin [18]
Men's pommel horse Hungary Zoltan Magyar Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin United States Kurt Thomas [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin Romania Dan Grecu Soviet Union Eduard Azarian
Japan Junichi Shimizu 		[18]
Men's vault Japan Junichi Shimizu East Germany Roland Brückner Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin [18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Eduard Azaryan West Germany Eberhard Gienger
United States Bart Conner 		None awarded [18]
Men's horizontal bar West Germany Eberhard Gienger United States Kurt Thomas Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin
Soviet Union Aleksandr Tkachyov 		[18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova United States Rhonda Schwandt East Germany Steffi Kräker [18]
Women's uneven bars East Germany Steffi Kräker Czechoslovakia Vera Cerna United States Rhonda Schwandt [18]
Women's balance beam Czechoslovakia Vera Cerna Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova Soviet Union Svetlana Agapova [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Maria Filatova Soviet Union Natalia Shaposhnikova United States Kathy Johnson [18]
1979
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin Japan Shigeru Kasamatsu Bulgaria Stoyan Deltchev [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Stella Zakharova Soviet Union Nellie Kim
Romania Emilia Eberle 		None awarded [17]
Men's floor exercise Japan Shigeru Kasamatsu
Bulgaria Stoyan Deltchev 		None awarded Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama [18]
Men's pommel horse United States Bart Conner Japan Shigeru Kasamatsu United States Kurt Thomas [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin Soviet Union Eduard Azarian Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama
Hungary Ferenc Donath 		[18]
Men's vault East Germany Ralph Bartel Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin
Soviet Union Valentin Turbanov 		None awarded [18]
Men's parallel bars Japan Eizo Kenmotsu Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin Hungary Ferenc Donath [18]
Men's horizontal bar West Germany Eberhard Gienger Japan Eizo Kenmotsu
Soviet Union Aleksandr Dityatin
Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama 		None awarded [18]
Women's vault Romania Nadia Comăneci Soviet Union Stella Zakharova Soviet Union Nellie Kim [18]
Women's uneven bars East Germany Steffi Kräker
Romania Emilia Eberle 		None awarded Soviet Union Stella Zakharova
Czechoslovakia Vera Cerna
Hungary Zsuzsa Kalmar 		[18]
Women's balance beam Romania Emilia Eberle Romania Nadia Comăneci Soviet Union Nellie Kim
East Germany Steffi Kräker 		[18]
Women's floor exercise Romania Nadia Comăneci Soviet Union Stella Zakharova Romania Emilia Eberle [18]
1980
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts Soviet Union Eduard Azaryan Japan Koji Gushiken [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Stella Zakharova East Germany Maxi Gnauck East Germany Steffi Kräker [17]
Men's floor exercise East Germany Roland Brückner China Li Yuejiu
Czechoslovakia Jiří Tabák 		None awarded [18]
Men's pommel horse East Germany Roland Brückner Japan Toshiomi Nishiki
Japan Koji Gushiken 		None awarded [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts
China Huang Yubin 		None awarded Japan Toshiomi Nishiki
Japan Koji Gushiken 		[18]
Men's vault East Germany Roland Brückner Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts
Japan Hiroshi Kajiyama 		None awarded [18]
Men's parallel bars China Li Yuejiu Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts China Huang Yubin [18]
Men's horizontal bar China Li Yuejiu
Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts
Japan Toshiomi Nishiki 		None awarded None awarded [18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Stella Zakharova Czechoslovakia Jana Labakova Romania Cristina Grigoraș
Canada Elfi Schlegel 		[18]
Women's uneven bars East Germany Maxi Gnauck East Germany Steffi Kräker China Zhu Zheng [18]
Women's balance beam Soviet Union Elena Naimushina Czechoslovakia Radka Zemanova
Soviet Union Maria Filatova 		None awarded [18]
Women's floor exercise East Germany Maxi Gnauck Soviet Union Elena Naimushina
Soviet Union Stella Zakharova 		None awarded [18]
1982
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around China Li Ning China Tong Fei Soviet Union Yuri Korolev [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Natalia Yurchenko
Soviet Union Olga Bicherova 		None awarded Romania Lavinia Agache [17]
Men's floor exercise China Li Ning Soviet Union Yuri Korolev China Tong Fei
Japan Nobuyuki Kajitani 		[18]
Men's pommel horse China Li Ning Soviet Union Yuri Korolev Soviet Union Bogdan Makuts [18]
Men's still rings China Li Ning Soviet Union Yuri Korolev China Tong Fei [18]
Men's vault China Li Ning Japan Koji Gushiken Soviet Union Yuri Korolev
China Tong Fei 		[18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Yuri Korolev Japan Koji Gushiken China Li Ning
Japan Nobuyuki Kajitani 		[18]
Men's horizontal bar China Tong Fei
China Li Ning 		None awarded United States Peter Vidmar [18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Natalia Yurchenko
Soviet Union Olga Bicherova 		None awarded United States Julianne McNamara [18]
Women's uneven bars East Germany Maxi Gnauck Soviet Union Natalia Yurchenko
Soviet Union Olga Bicherova 		None awarded [18]
Women's balance beam Soviet Union Natalia Yurchenko China Wu Jiani Soviet Union Olga Bicherova [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Olga Bicherova Romania Lavinia Agache East Germany Maxi Gnauck [18]
1986
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around China Li Ning
Soviet Union Yuri Korolev 		None awarded Soviet Union Vladimir Artemov [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Elena Shushunova Romania Daniela Silivaş Soviet Union Oksana Omelianchik [17]
Men's floor exercise China Li Ning Soviet Union Yuri Korolev East Germany Sylvio Kroll [18]
Men's pommel horse China Li Ning Soviet Union Valentin Mogilny China Xu Zhiqiang [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Valentin Mogilny
Soviet Union Yuri Korolev 		None awarded China Li Ning [19]
Men's vault Soviet Union Yuri Korolev East Germany Sylvio Kroll China Xu Zhiqiang [18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Valentin Mogilny
China Xu Zhiqiang 		None awarded Soviet Union Yuri Korolev [18]
Men's horizontal bar Soviet Union Yuri Korolev East Germany Sylvio Kroll Italy Boris Preti [18]
Women's vault Soviet Union Elena Shushunova Soviet Union Oksana Omelianchik Romania Ecaterina Szabo [18]
Women's uneven bars Soviet Union Elena Shushunova Soviet Union Oksana Omelianchik Romania Daniela Silivaş [18]
Women's balance beam Soviet Union Oksana Omelianchik Romania Daniela Silivaş Soviet Union Elena Shushunova [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Elena Shushunova Romania Camelia Voinea Soviet Union Oksana Omelianchik [18]
1990
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual all-around Soviet Union Valeri Belenki Soviet Union Vitaly Scherbo China Li Jing [17]
Women's individual all-around Soviet Union Tatiana Lysenko Soviet Union Svetlana Boguinskaya Hungary Henrietta Ónodi [17]
Men's floor exercise Soviet Union Vitaly Scherbo Soviet Union Valeri Belenki Italy Juri Chechi [18]
Men's pommel horse China Li Jing Soviet Union Valeri Belenki West Germany Andreas Wecker [18]
Men's still rings Soviet Union Valeri Belenki China Li Jing Soviet Union Vitaly Scherbo [18]
Men's vault Soviet Union Vitaly Scherbo Japan Daisuke Nishikawa Soviet Union Valeri Belenki
China Li Jing 		[18]
Men's parallel bars Soviet Union Valeri Belenki Japan Daisuke Nishikawa
China Li Jing 		None awarded [18]
Men's horizontal bar Soviet Union Valeri Belenki
Japan Daisuke Nishikawa
China Li Jing 		None awarded None awarded [18]
Women's vault Hungary Henrietta Ónodi Spain Eva Rueda Soviet Union Svetlana Boguinskaya [18]
Women's uneven bars Soviet Union Tatiana Lysenko Romania Mirela Pasca Hungary Henrietta Ónodi [18]
Women's balance beam China Yang Bo China Li Li Romania Cristina Bontaș [18]
Women's floor exercise Soviet Union Svetlana Boguinskaya Hungary Henrietta Ónodi Soviet Union Tatiana Lysenko
Romania Mirela Pasca 		[18]
1998
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise China Li Xiaopeng Russia Aleksei Nemov Japan Isao Yoneda [17]
Men's pommel horse France Eric Poujade
Romania Marius Urzică
China Zhang Jingjin 		None awarded None awarded [17]
Men's still rings Hungary Szilveszter Csollány Belarus Ivan Ivankov Japan Shigeru Kurihara [17]
Men's vault Russia Aleksei Nemov Russia Aleksei Bondarenko Kazakhstan Sergei Fedorchenko [17]
Men's parallel bars Kazakhstan Aleksey Dmitrienko
China Li Xiaopeng
China Zhang Jingjin 		None awarded None awarded [17]
Men's horizontal bar Belarus Ivan Ivankov Kazakhstan Sergei Fedorchenko Hungary Zoltán Supola [17]
Women's vault Romania Simona Amânar Romania Gina Gogean China Kui Yuanyuan [17]
Women's uneven bars China Bi Wenjing Russia Svetlana Khorkina China Liu Xuan [17]
Women's balance beam China Liu Xuan China Kui Yuanyuan Romania Gina Gogean [17]
Women's floor exercise Romania Simona Amânar Romania Gina Gogean Belarus Alena Polozkova [17]
2000
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise Spain Gervasio Deferr Canada Kyle Shewfelt
Bulgaria Yordan Yovchev 		None awarded [17]
Men's pommel horse Romania Marius Urzică Belarus Ivan Ivankov China Xing Aowei [17]
Men's still rings Hungary Szilveszter Csollány Bulgaria Yordan Yovchev Belarus Ivan Ivankov [17]
Men's vault Romania Marian Drăgulescu Spain Gervasio Deferr Latvia Jevgēņijs Saproņenko [17]
Men's parallel bars Slovenia Mitja Petkovšek Russia Alexei Bondarenko Slovenia Aljaž Pegan
South Korea Lee Joo-hyung 		[17]
Men's horizontal bar Ukraine Alexander Beresch Slovenia Aljaž Pegan Canada Alexander Jeltkov [17]
Women's vault Russia Elena Zamolodchikova Romania Simona Amânar Poland Joanna Skowrońska [17]
Women's uneven bars China Ling Jie Australia Allana Slater Romania Andreea Răducan [17]
Women's balance beam Romania Andreea Răducan Romania Simona Amânar China Ling Jie [17]
Women's floor exercise Romania Andreea Răducan Russia Elena Zamolodchikova China Dong Fangxiao
Romania Simona Amânar 		[17]
2002
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise Romania Marian Drăgulescu Canada Kyle Shewfelt Bulgaria Yordan Yovchev [17]
Men's pommel horse Romania Marius Urzică Romania Ioan Silviu Suciu China Huang Xu [17]
Men's still rings Bulgaria Yordan Yovchev Italy Andrea Coppolino Hungary Szilveszter Csollány
United States Sean Townsend 		[17][20]
Men's vault China Lu Bin Poland Leszek Blanik Romania Marian Drăgulescu [17]
Men's parallel bars China Li Xiaopeng China Huang Xu United States Sean Townsend [17]
Men's horizontal bar Slovenia Aljaž Pegan Australia Philippe Rizzo Germany Sven Kwiatkowski [17]
Women's vault Russia Elena Zamolodchikova
Uzbekistan Oksana Chusovitina 		None awarded Netherlands Verona van de Leur [17]
Women's uneven bars Romania Oana Petrovschi Australia Jaqui Dunn Netherlands Verona van de Leur [17]
Women's balance beam China Sun Xiaojiao Russia Elena Zamolodchikova Uzbekistan Oksana Chusovitina [17]
Women's floor exercise Netherlands Verona van de Leur China Zhang Nan Australia Allana Slater [17]
2004
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise Brazil Diego Hypólito Japan Isao Yoneda Hungary Róbert Gál [17]
Men's pommel horse China Xiao Qin Romania Marius Urzică Romania Ioan Silviu Suciu [17]
Men's still rings Netherlands Yuri van Gelder Japan Hiroyuki Tomita Italy Matteo Morandi [17]
Men's vault China Lu Bin Latvia Jevgēņijs Saproņenko Bulgaria Filip Yanev [17]
Men's parallel bars Slovenia Mitja Petkovšek China Huang Xu Romania Marius Urzică [17]
Men's horizontal bar Ukraine Valeriy Honcharov Japan Isao Yoneda Greece Vlasios Maras [17]
Women's vault United States Alicia Sacramone Romania Monica Roșu Russia Anna Pavlova [17]
Women's uneven bars United States Chellsie Memmel United Kingdom Beth Tweddle China Li Ya [17]
Women's balance beam Romania Cătălina Ponor China Li Ya
Romania Alexandra Eremia 		None awarded [17]
Women's floor exercise Brazil Daiane dos Santos Romania Cătălina Ponor China Cheng Fei [17]
2006
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise Brazil Diego Hypólito Canada Kyle Shewfelt Canada Brandon O'Neill [17]
Men's pommel horse China Xiao Qin Hungary Krisztián Berki China Teng Haibin [17]
Men's still rings Venezuela Regulo Carmona Ukraine Oleksandr Vorobyov Italy Matteo Angioletti [17]
Men's vault Romania Marian Drăgulescu Russia Anton Golotsutskov Brazil Diego Hypólito [17]
Men's parallel bars China Li Xiaopeng China Huang Xu Ukraine Valeriy Honcharov [17]
Men's horizontal bar Greece Vlasios Maras Australia Philippe Rizzo Slovenia Aljaž Pegan [17]
Women's vault China Cheng Fei Brazil Laís Souza Russia Elena Zamolodchikova [17]
Women's uneven bars United Kingdom Beth Tweddle China Li Ya Ukraine Dariya Zgoba [17]
Women's balance beam China Li Ya Brazil Daniele Hypólito Spain Lenika de Simone [17]
Women's floor exercise Brazil Daiane dos Santos United Kingdom Beth Tweddle Brazil Laís Souza [17]
2008
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's floor exercise Brazil Diego Hypólito Japan Kōhei Uchimura Israel Alexander Shatilov [17]
Men's pommel horse China Zhang Hongtao Hungary Krisztián Berki Australia Prashanth Sellathurai [17]
Men's still rings Ukraine Oleksandr Vorobyov Bulgaria Yordan Yovchev Netherlands Yuri van Gelder [17]
Men's vault France Thomas Bouhail Netherlands Jeffrey Wammes Spain Isaac Botella
Russia Anton Golotsutskov 		[17]
Men's parallel bars France Yann Cucherat
China Feng Zhe 		None awarded Ukraine Valeriy Honcharov [17]
Men's horizontal bar Netherlands Epke Zonderland Australia Philippe Rizzo Japan Hiroyuki Tomita [17]
Women's vault China Cheng Fei Switzerland Ariella Kaeslin Belgium Aagje Vanwalleghem [17]
Women's uneven bars China He Kexin China Jiang Yuyuan Japan Kōko Tsurumi [17]
Women's balance beam Australia Lauren Mitchell Russia Yulia Lozhechko China Li Shanshan [17]
Women's floor exercise China Cheng Fei China Jiang Yuyuan Romania Sandra Izbașa [17]

Rhythmic gymnastics

1983
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Individual all-around Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Dalia Kutkaitė Bulgaria Anelia Ralenkova [21]
Ball Bulgaria Anelia Ralenkova Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Bulgaria Iliana Raeva [21]
Hoop Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Bulgaria Iliana Raeva Soviet Union Irina Devina [21]
Clubs Bulgaria Anelia Ralenkova Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova
Bulgaria Iliana Raeva 		None awarded [21]
Ribbon Soviet Union Dalia Kutkaitė Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Irina Devina [21]
Group  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  Japan [21]
1986
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Individual all-around Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Galina Beloglazova
Soviet Union Tatiana Druchinina 		None awarded [22]
Rope Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Marina Lobach Bulgaria Bianka Panova
Soviet Union Tatiana Druchinina 		[22]
Ball Bulgaria Bianka Panova
Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova 		None awarded Soviet Union Galina Beloglazova
Soviet Union Tatiana Druchinina 		[22]
Clubs Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Tatiana Druchinina Bulgaria Bianka Panova [22]
Ribbon Bulgaria Bianka Panova Bulgaria Lilia Ignatova Soviet Union Galina Beloglazova [22]
Group  Bulgaria  Soviet Union  North Korea [22]
1990
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Individual all-around Soviet Union Oksana Skaldina Bulgaria Mila Marinova Bulgaria Julia Baitscheva [23]
Rope Soviet Union Oksana Skaldina Soviet Union Aleksandra Timoshenko Bulgaria Julia Baitscheva [23]
Hoop Soviet Union Oksana Skaldina Soviet Union Aleksandra Timoshenko
Bulgaria Mila Marinova
Bulgaria Julia Baitscheva 		None awarded [23]
Ball Bulgaria Julia Baitscheva
Soviet Union Oksana Skaldina 		None awarded Bulgaria Mila Marinova [23]
Ribbon Bulgaria Mila Marinova Soviet Union Oksana Skaldina Canada Mary Fuzesi
Romania Irina Deleanu 		[23]
Group  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  Spain [23]
2000
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Rope Russia Alina Kabaeva Russia Yulia Barsukova Russia Irina Tchachina [23]
Hoop Russia Yulia Barsukova Russia Alina Kabaeva Belarus Yulia Raskina [23]
Ball Russia Alina Kabaeva Russia Yulia Barsukova Belarus Yulia Raskina [23]
Ribbon Russia Alina Kabaeva Russia Yulia Barsukova Belarus Yulia Raskina [23]
2002
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Rope Ukraine Anna Bessonova Bulgaria Simona Peycheva Russia Vera Sessina [23]
Hoop Ukraine Anna Bessonova Russia Zarina Gizikova Ukraine Tamara Yerofeeva [23]
Ball Bulgaria Simona Peycheva Ukraine Anna Bessonova Ukraine Tamara Yerofeeva [23]
Clubs Ukraine Anna Bessonova Bulgaria Simona Peycheva Ukraine Tamara Yerofeeva [23]
2004
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Hoop Russia Alina Kabaeva Bulgaria Simona Peycheva Russia Olga Kapranova [23]
Ball Russia Irina Tchachina Kazakhstan Aliya Yusupova Belarus Inna Zhukova [23]
Clubs Russia Irina Tchachina Kazakhstan Aliya Yusupova Russia Olga Kapranova [23]
Ribbon Russia Alina Kabaeva Bulgaria Simona Peycheva Russia Olga Kapranova [23]
Group 5 Ribbons  Russia  Poland  Finland [23]
Group 2 Balls, 3 Hoops  Russia  Poland  Finland [23]
2006
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Rope Ukraine Natalia Godunko Russia Vera Sessina Ukraine Anna Bessonova [23]
Ball Russia Vera Sessina Belarus Inna Zhukova Ukraine Anna Bessonova [23]
Clubs Russia Vera Sessina Russia Olga Kapranova Ukraine Natalia Godunko [23]
Ribbon Russia Vera Sessina Ukraine Natalia Godunko Ukraine Anna Bessonova [23]
Group 5 Ribbons  Russia  Belarus  Italy [23]
Group 4 Clubs, 3 Hoops  Belarus  Russia  Bulgaria [23]
2008
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Rope Russia Vera Sessina Russia Olga Kapranova Azerbaijan Aliya Garayeva [23]
Hoop Russia Evgenia Kanaeva Ukraine Anna Bessonova Ukraine Natalia Godunko [23]
Clubs Russia Evgenia Kanaeva Ukraine Anna Bessonova Russia Olga Kapranova [23]
Ribbon Russia Evgenia Kanaeva Ukraine Anna Bessonova Russia Vera Sessina [23]
Group 5 Ropes  Belarus  Spain  Ukraine [23]
Group 4 Clubs, 3 Hoops  Belarus  Spain  Ukraine [23]

Trampoline and tumbling

FIT era

1993
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline France Fabrice Schwertz Germany Markus Kubica France Fabrice Henrique [24]
Women's individual trampoline United Kingdom Andrea Holmes United Kingdom Sue Challis-Shotton Georgia (country) Anna Dogonadze [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Belarus  Ukraine  France [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline Georgia (country) Georgia  Germany  Belarus [27]
1995
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Belarus Dmitriy Polyarush Belarus Nikolay Kazak Ukraine Sergey Bukhovtsev [24]
Women's individual trampoline United Kingdom Andrea Holmes Russia Tatyana Kovaleva Belarus Galina Lebedeva [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Netherlands  Denmark   Switzerland [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Russia  Belarus  Germany [27]
1997
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline France Emmanuel Durand Belarus Yevgeniy Belyayev Russia German Knychev [24]
Women's individual trampoline Russia Irina Karavayeva Belarus Galina Lebedeva Russia Natalya Karpenkova [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  France  Belarus  Russia [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Russia  Belarus  Netherlands [27]
Men's individual tumbling United States Rayshine Harris Portugal Luis Nunes Poland Adrian Sienkiewicz [28]
Women's individual tumbling France Karine Boucher United States Amanda Lentz France Marlene Bayet [29]

FIG era

1999
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Russia German Knychev France Emmanuel Durand France David Martin [24]
Women's individual trampoline Russia Irina Karavayeva Russia Tatyana Kovaleva Germany Tina Ludwig [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  France  United Kingdom  Japan [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Ukraine  United Kingdom  Australia [27]
Men's individual tumbling United States Rayshine Harris Russia Daniel Avakian Poland Tomasz Kies [28]
Women's individual tumbling United States Amanda Lentz France Mélanie Avisse France Chrystel Robert [29]
2000
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Russia German Knychev Russia Aleksandr Rusakov Germany Henrik Stehlik [24]
Women's individual trampoline Russia Irina Karavayeva Ukraine Oksana Tsyguleva Germany Anna Dogonadze [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Germany  United Kingdom  Canada [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Germany  Russia  Ukraine [27]
Men's individual tumbling France Nicolas Fournials Russia Levon Petrosian France Nicolas Divry [28]
Women's individual tumbling United States Amanda Lentz Russia Yelena Bluzhina Russia Natalya Rakhmanova [29]
2002
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Russia German Knychev France David Martin Russia Aleksandr Moskalenko [24]
Women's individual trampoline Russia Irina Karavayeva Ukraine Olena Movchan Russia Natalya Chernova [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  France  United Kingdom  Denmark [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Ukraine  United Kingdom  Belarus [27]
Men's individual tumbling France Nicolas Fournials United Kingdom Ross Gibson United States Casey Finley [28]
Women's individual tumbling Russia Anna Korobeynikova Ukraine Olena Chabanenko United Kingdom Kathryn Peberdy [29]
2004
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Ukraine Yuri Nikitin Russia Aleksandr Rusakov Germany Henrik Stehlik [24]
Women's individual trampoline Russia Irina Karavayeva Ukraine Olena Movchan Germany Anna Dogonadze [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Japan  Germany  Ukraine [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Russia  Belarus  Germany [27]
Men's individual tumbling Belarus Andrey Kabishev Russia Aleksey Bantiyenko China Pan Huanian [28]
Women's individual tumbling Russia Anna Korobeynikova Ukraine Olena Chabanenko United Kingdom Kathryn Peberdy [29]
2006
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline Japan Yasuhiro Ueyama Russia Aleksandr Rusakov Japan Tetsuya Sotomura [24]
Women's individual trampoline Canada Karen Cockburn Germany Anna Dogonadze United Kingdom Clarire Wright [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Germany  Japan   Switzerland [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Canada  Germany  Ukraine [27]
Men's individual tumbling China Wang Jiexu Russia Tagir Murtazayev Poland Jozef Wadecki [28]
Women's individual tumbling United Kingdom Samantha Palmer Russia Anna Korobeynikova Belarus Ganna Tsiarenia [29]
2008
Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline China Dong Dong Ukraine Yuri Nikitin Japan Yasuhiro Ueyama [24]
Women's individual trampoline China Huang Shanshan Ukraine Olena Movchan Russia Natalya Chernova [25]
Men's synchronized trampoline  Japan  Australia  Portugal [26]
Women's synchronized trampoline  Belarus  Russia  China [27]
Men's individual tumbling Russia Andrey Krylov United States Kalon Ludvigson Poland Jozef Wadecki [28]
Women's individual tumbling Russia Anna Korobeynikova Russia Anastasiya Isupova Canada Emily Smith [29]

2022

Event Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
Men's individual trampoline New Zealand Dylan Schmidt France Allan Morante Japan Ishikawa Yamato [30]
Women's individual trampoline Japan Mori Hikaru United Kingdom Bryony Page China Hu Yicheng [31]
Men's synchronized trampoline Germany Germany Portugal Portugal France France
Women's synchronized trampoline Japan Japan France France Mexico Mexico

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g 1975 AC Results
  2. ^ a b c d e f g 1977 AC Results
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 1981 AC Results
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 1983 AC Results
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 1985 AC Results
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 1987 AC Results
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 1989 AC Results
  8. ^ a b c d e f g 1991 AC Results
  9. ^ a b c d e f 1993 AC Results 1
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i 1993 AC Results 2
  11. ^ a b c d e f 1993 AC Results 3
  12. ^ a b c d Longines AC 2003
  13. ^ a b c d e Sports Acrobatics 2007
  14. ^ a b c d GymMedia.com
  15. ^ a b c d e Longines AE 2003
  16. ^ a b c d e Longines AE 2007
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx 1975–2008 Artistic WC
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca 1975–2006 Artistic World Cup results
  19. ^ China Daily
  20. ^ FIG - 2002 results (Archived)
  21. ^ a b c d e f 1983 Rhythmic WC
  22. ^ a b c d e f 1986 Rhythmic WC
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af 1991–2008 Rhythmic WC
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i MIT
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i WIT
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i MST
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i WST
  28. ^ a b c d e f g MTU
  29. ^ a b c d e f g WTU
  30. ^ "Two Gold Medals For New Zealand At Trampoline World Championships". Scoop.co.nz. p. 1. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  31. ^ Gunston, Jo. "Mori Hikaru wins double gold on final day of Trampoline World Championships". olympics.co. p. 1. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
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