Metropolitan Conference (California)

The Metropolitan Conference was a junior college athletic conference with member schools located in Southern California. The conference was formed in 1938 by the Southern Conference Junior College Association. The conference's initial members were Bakersfield College, Compton College, Glendale Junior College, Long Beach City College, Los Angeles City College, Pasadena Junior College, Santa Monica College, Taft College, and Ventura College.[1][2]

Year football standings

Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena + 5 – 0 – 0 11 – 0 – 0
Santa Monica + 5 – 0 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Compton 3 – 1 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Bakersfield 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Los Angeles City 3 – 3 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Ventura 3 – 4 – 0 6 – 5 – 0
Glendale (CA) 2 – 5 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Taft 1 – 5 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 0 – 6 – 0 ? – ? – ?
  • + – Conference co-champions
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Compton $ 3 – 1 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 3 – 1 – 2 ? – ? – ?
Los Angeles City 2 – 1 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Santa Monica 3 – 2 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Pasadena 1 – 1 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Ventura 2 – 3 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Glendale (CA) 1 – 3 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Bakersfield 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 4 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Compton + 5 – 0 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Los Angeles City + 5 – 0 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 3 – 1 – 2 ? – ? – ?
Glendale (CA) 3 – 3 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Ventura 2 – 3 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Bakersfield 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 0 – 5 – 1 ? – ? – ?
  • + – Conference co-champions
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Los Angeles City $ 6 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Ventura 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Bakersfield 3 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 1
Compton 2 – 3 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 2 – 3 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Santa Monica 2 – 4 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Glendale (CA) 1 – 5 – 0 ? – ? – ?
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena $ 6 – 0 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 4 – 1 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Bakersfield 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Los Angeles City 3 – 2 – 1 ? – ? – ?
Compton 2 – 4 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Glendale (CA) 1 – 5 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Santa Monica 0 – 6 – 0 ? – ? – ?
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Compton $ 6 – 1 – 0 10 – 1 – 0
Santa Monica 5 – 1 – 1 6 – 2 – 1
Long Beach 5 – 2 – 0 9 – 2 – 0
Los Angeles City 4 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1
Bakersfield 4 – 3 – 0 7 – 3 – 1
Ventura 1 – 5 – 1 4 – 5 – 1
Glendale (CA) 1 – 5 – 1 2 – 7 – 1
Pasadena 0 – 7 – 0 0 – 9 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 3 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Santa Monica 3 – 1 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
El Camino 1 – 2 – 1 7 – 2 – 1
Glendale (CA) 1 – 2 – 1 4 – 5 – 1
East Los Angeles 1 – 3 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
San Diego Junior College $ 4 – 0 – 0 8 – 1 – 0
East Los Angeles 3 – 1 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Bakersfield 2 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Santa Monica 1 – 3 – 0 1 – 9 – 0
El Camino 0 – 4 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
East Los Angeles $ 4 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
San Diego Junior College 3 – 1 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
El Camino 2 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Bakersfield 1 – 3 – 0 3 – 6 – 1
Santa Monica 0 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
El Camino $ 5 – 1 – 0 8 – 1 – 1
East Los Angeles 5 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
Harbor 3 – 2 – 1 4 – 3 – 1
San Diego Junior College 3 – 4 – 0 3 – 8 – 0
Bakersfield 2 – 3 – 1 6 – 4 – 1
Santa Monica 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 9 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 5 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
Long Beach * 4 – 0 – 0 9 – 0 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • * – ineligible for conference title
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Long Beach $ 5 – 0 – 1 8 – 1 – 1
Bakersfield 5 – 1 – 0 8 – 3 – 0
East Los Angeles 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Harbor 3 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1
Santa Monica 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
San Diego Junior College 1 – 5 – 0 2 – 6 – 0
El Camino 1 – 5 – 0 1 – 9 – 0
Los Angeles Valley   –   1 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • Los Angeles Valley had a record 1–4 against conference opponents, but since the team did not play a full league schedule, those games did not count in the conference standings.
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
El Camino $ 7 – 0 – 0 8 – 1 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 5 – 1 – 1 8 – 1 – 1
East Los Angeles 5 – 1 – 1 7 – 1 – 2
Bakersfield 3 – 4 – 0 8 – 4 – 0
Santa Monica 3 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Long Beach 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
Harbor 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
San Diego Junior College 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 7 – 0 – 0 12 – 0 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 5 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
El Camino 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
San Diego Junior College 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 2 – 4 – 1 3 – 5 – 1
Harbor 2 – 5 – 0 2 – 8 – 0
East Los Angeles 0 – 6 – 1 0 – 9 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
El Camino $ 7 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Bakersfield 6 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
East Los Angeles 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
San Diego Junior College 4 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 5 – 0 4 – 6 – 0
Harbor 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
Santa Monica 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
Long Beach 1 – 6 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Los Angeles Valley $ 6 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Bakersfield 5 – 1 – 1 10 – 1 – 1
El Camino 5 – 1 – 1 7 – 1 – 2
East Los Angeles 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Harbor 3 – 3 – 1 4 – 3 – 2
San Diego Junior College 2 – 5 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 1 – 5 – 1 3 – 5 – 1
Long Beach 0 – 7 – 0 2 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • Glendale (CA) forfeited a non-conference win over Los Angeles Valley.
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 5 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 4 – 2 – 1 6 – 2 – 1
Santa Monica 4 – 2 – 1 6 – 2 – 1
El Camino 4 – 3 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Long Beach 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
East Los Angeles 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
San Diego Junior College 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Harbor 0 – 7 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
San Diego Junior College $ 6 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Bakersfield 5 – 1 – 1 8 – 1 – 1
Long Beach 4 – 2 – 1 5 – 3 – 1
East Los Angeles 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Santa Monica 3 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
El Camino 2 – 5 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
Harbor 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 7 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Santa Monica $ 7 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Bakersfield 6 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Long Beach 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
San Diego Junior College 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 3 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
El Camino 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 0
East Los Angeles 1 – 6 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Harbor 0 – 7 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • The game between Long Beach and El Camino on November 22 was stopped in the third quarter because of fog. The conference ruled the game a no contest.
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 7 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Santa Monica 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
San Diego Junior College 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 4 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
El Camino 3 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Harbor 2 – 5 – 0 2 – 6 – 1
East Los Angeles 0 – 7 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Long Beach $ 7 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Bakersfield 6 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Santa Monica 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
El Camino 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
East Los Angeles 3 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
San Diego Junior College 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
Harbor 0 – 7 – 0 0 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 7 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Santa Monica 6 – 1 – 0 8 – 1 – 0
Long Beach 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
El Camino 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
San Diego Junior College 2 – 4 – 1 3 – 5 – 1
Harbor 2 – 5 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
East Los Angeles 1 – 5 – 1 1 – 7 – 1
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 7 – 0 0 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Long Beach $ 6 – 0 – 1 9 – 0 – 1
Bakersfield 5 – 1 – 1 6 – 2 – 1
El Camino 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Cerritos 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Santa Monica 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
East Los Angeles 1 – 6 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
San Diego Junior College 1 – 6 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield + 6 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Long Beach + 6 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Cerritos 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
El Camino 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
San Diego Junior College 3 – 4 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 3 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 1 – 6 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
East Los Angeles 0 – 7 – 0 0 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Long Beach $ 6 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Bakersfield 5 – 1 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
El Camino 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Cerritos 3 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 2 – 4 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
East Los Angeles 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Cerritos $ 6 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0
Long Beach 5 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 1
Bakersfield 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
El Camino 2 – 3 – 1 5 – 3 – 1
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Santa Monica 1 – 4 – 1 3 – 5 – 1
East Los Angeles 0 – 6 – 0 0 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Santa Monica $ 7 – 0 – 0 8 – 0 – 1
Cerritos 5 – 1 – 1 6 – 2 – 1
Bakersfield 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
El Camino 3 – 2 – 2 5 – 2 – 2
Long Beach 3 – 3 – 1 5 – 3 – 1
Rio Hondo 2 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
East Los Angeles 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 7 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $^ 7 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
El Camino 6 – 1 – 0 8 – 1 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 3 – 1 5 – 3 – 1
Santa Monica 3 – 3 – 1 5 – 3 – 1
Cerritos 2 – 4 – 1 4 – 4 – 1
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 4 – 1 3 – 5 – 0
East Los Angeles 2 – 5 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Rio Hondo 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
El Camino $^ 7 – 0 – 0 10 – 1 – 0
Bakersfield 6 – 1 – 0 8 – 1 – 0
Long Beach 5 – 2 – 0 6 – 2 – 1
Santa Monica 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Cerritos 3 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Pasadena 1 – 6 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 1 – 6 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
Pierce 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $^ 6 – 0 – 0 10 – 1 – 0
El Camino 5 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Pasadena 3 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Santa Monica 2 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Long Beach 2 – 4 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
Pierce 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
    Pasadena forfeited three conference wins, over Bakersfield, El Camino, and Los Angeles Valley, and a non-conference tie with Rio Hondo because of an ineligible player.
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $^ 6 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
El Camino 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Santa Monica 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Pasadena 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Pierce 3 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 1 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
Long Beach 0 – 6 – 0 0 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
El Camino $^ 6 – 0 – 0 11 – 1 – 0
Bakersfield 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Pierce 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Pasadena 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Long Beach 2 – 4 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena $^ 5 – 0 – 0 12 – 1 – 0
El Camino 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 1 – 1
Long Beach 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 3 – 1
Pierce 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Bakersfield 2 – 3 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pierce +^ 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
El Camino + 4 – 1 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
Bakersfield 2 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Pasadena 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 5 – 0 1 – 8 – 0
  • + – Conference co-champions
  • ^ – California state junior college large division playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena $^ 5 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 1
El Camino 4 – 1 – 0 8 – 1 – 1
Bakersfield 3 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
Long Beach 2 – 3 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Pierce 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 5 – 0 3 – 5 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
  • ^ – California state junior college Division I playoff participant
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Los Angeles Valley $ 5 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
Long Beach 4 – 2 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
East Los Angeles 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Bakersfield 3 – 2 – 1 7 – 2 – 1
El Camino 2 – 4 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Pierce 2 – 4 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Pasadena 0 – 5 – 1 4 – 5 – 1
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 6 – 0 – 0 11 – 1 – 0
Pierce 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 1
El Camino 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0
East Los Angeles 1 – 5 – 0 4 – 6 – 0
Pasadena 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena $ 5 – 1 – 0 11 – 1 – 0
Bakersfield 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 4 – 0
El Camino 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 4 – 2 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Long Beach 3 – 3 – 0 ? – ? – ?
Pierce 1 – 5 – 0 ? – ? – ?
East Los Angeles 0 – 6 – 0 ? – ? – ?
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena $ 5 – 1 – 0 8 – 3 – 0
Pierce 4 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
El Camino 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 2 – 1
Bakersfield 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
East Los Angeles 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 9 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena + 4 – 1 – 0 9 – 2 – 0
Pierce + 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0
Bakersfield 3 – 2 – 0 7 – 4 – 0
El Camino 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 2 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 1
Long Beach 0 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0
  • + – Conference co-champions
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Pasadena + 6 – 0 – 0 10 – 1 – 0
El Camino 4 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
Taft 4 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 1
Long Beach 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Bakersfield 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 1
Pierce 1 – 5 – 0 2 – 8 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 9 – 0
  • + – Conference co-champions
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Bakersfield $ 6 – 0 – 0 8 – 2 – 0
Santa Monica 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Pasadena 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0
Pierce 3 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
El Camino 3 – 3 – 0 3 – 6 – 0
Long Beach 2 – 4 – 0 4 – 6 – 0
Los Angeles Valley 0 – 6 – 0 0 – 10 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion
Conf. Overall
Team W   L   T W   L   T
Taft $ 5 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0
El Camino 3 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0
Pasadena 3 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0
Long Beach 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Bakersfield 1 – 4 – 0 5 – 5 – 0
Santa Monica 0 – 5 – 0 3 – 5 – 0
  • $ – Conference champion

References

  1. ^ "Bakersfield and Taft Are Invited to Join Metropolitan League". The Bakersfield Californian. Bakersfield, California. January 19, 1938. p. 13. Retrieved March 30, 2024 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  2. ^ "Bakersfield Jaysees Given New Rules for Grid Loop". The Bakersfield Californian. Bakersfield, California. February 3, 1938. p. 17. Retrieved March 30, 2024 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.


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