Massif
A massif (/mæˈsiːf, ˈmæsɪf/) is a principal mountain mass,[2] such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central). In mountaineering literature, massif is frequently used to denote the main mass of an individual mountain.
As a purely scientific term in geology, however, a "massif" is separately and more specifically defined as a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. A massif is a smaller structural unit than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth-largest driving force in geomorphology.[3]
The word "massif" originates from French (in which the word also means "massive"), where it is used to refer to a large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. The Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif.[4] Massifs may also form underwater, as with the Atlantis Massif.[5]
List
Africa
- Adrar des Ifoghas – Mali
- Aïr Massif – Niger
- Ambohiby Massif – Madagascar
- Benna Massif – Guinea
- Bongo Massif – Central African Republic
- Ennedi Plateau – Chad
- Kilimanjaro Massif – Kenya–Tanzania
- Oban Massif – Nigeria
- Marojejy Massif – Madagascar
- Mulanje Massif – Malawi
- Virunga Massif – Uganda–Rwanda–DR Congo
- Waterberg Biosphere – South Africa
Algeria
Antarctica
Asia
- Annapurna – Nepal
- Bromo-Tengger-Semeru – Indonesia
- Chu Pong Massif – Vietnam
- Dhaulagiri – Nepal
- Gasherbrum – China-Pakistan
- Kangchenjunga – Nepal–India
- Knuckles Massif – Sri Lanka
- Kondyor Massif – Russia
- Kugitangtau Ridge – Turkmenistan
- Kumgangsan – North Korea
- Logar ultrabasite massif – Afghanistan
- Mount Ararat – Turkey
- Mount Everest massif (including Lhotse) – Nepal–Tibet (China)
- Mount Kinabalu – Malaysia
- Mount Tomuraushi – Japan
- Nanga Parbat – Pakistan
India
Iran
- Dena
- Hazaran
- Kheru-Naru (Chekel)
- Kholeno
- Mount Damavand
- Sabalan
- Takht-e Suleyman Massif
- Zard-Kuh
Kazakhstan
Europe
- Aarmassif – Switzerland
- Ardennes Massif – France–Belgium–Luxembourg
- Åreskutan – Sweden
- Arlberg – Austria
- Bohemian Massif – Czech Republic
- Ceahlău Massif – Romania
- Gotthard Massif – Switzerland
- Hesperian Massif – Iberian Peninsula
- Jungfrau Massif – Switzerland
- Mangerton Mountain – Ireland
- Montgris – Spain
- Montserrat – Spain
- Mont Blanc massif – Italy–France–Switzerland
- Rhenish Massif – Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
- Rila – Rhodope Massif – Bulgaria–Greece
- Troodos – Cyprus
- Untersberg – Germany–Austria
- Vitosha Massif – Bulgaria
France
- Alpilles
- Aravis Range
- Armorican Massif
- Bauges Massif
- Beaufortain Massif
- Belledonne massif
- Bornes Massif
- Calanques Massif
- Cerces Massif
- Chablais Massif
- Chartreuse Massif
- Dévoluy Mountains
- Massif des Écrins
- Jura Mountains
- Lauzière massif
- Luberon
- Massif Central
- Massif de l'Esterel
- Massif du Mercantour-Argentera
- Monte Cinto massif
- Taillefer Massif
- Queyras Massif
- Vanoise Massif
- Vercors Plateau
- Vosges Mountains
Italy
- Gran Sasso d'Italia
- Grappa Massif
- Massiccio del Matese
- Massiccio del Pollino
- Monte Ermada
- Sila Massif
- Speikboden (South Tyrol)
United Kingdom
- Ben Nevis massif
- Cornubian Massif
- Long Mynd
- Snowdon Massif
- Ben Klibreck
- Cairngorms massifs
North America
Canada
- Laurentian Massif
- Le Massif de Charlevoix
- Mount Logan
- Mount Cayley
- Level Mountain
- Mount Edziza
- Mount Meager massif
- Mount Septimus
United States
- Adirondack Massif
- Denali
- Grandfather Mountain
- Mount Juneau
- Mount Katahdin
- Mount Le Conte
- Mount Shuksan
- Mount Timpanogos
- Shenandoah[6]
- French Broad[6]
- Teton Range
Oceania
- Big Ben – Heard Island
- Ahipara Gumfields – New Zealand
Caribbean
- Massif de la Hotte – Haiti
- Valle Nuevo Massif – Dominican Republic
Central America
South America
- Brasilia Massif – Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
- Neblina Massif – Venezuela–Brazil
- Colombian Massif – Colombia
- North Patagonian Massif – Argentina
- Deseado Massif – Argentina
Submerged
- Atlantis Massif – part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean
- Tamu Massif — the largest volcano on Earth
References
- ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald, November 6, 2009". 2009-11-06.
- ^ "massif". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
- ^ Allen, P. A. 2008, Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems, Geol. Soc. Lon. Sp. Pub., v. 296, p. 7–28.
- ^ Britt, Robert Roy (2006-09-21). "Mars Face Makeover: Controversial Formation Observed from New Angles". Space.com. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ Blackman, Donna (2002). "Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex". Marine Geophysical Researches. 23 (5): 443–469. Bibcode:2002MarGR..23..443B. doi:10.1023/b:mari.0000018232.14085.75. S2CID 96459991.
- ^ a b Tollo, Richard (June 16, 2023). "Mesoproterozoic Geology of the Blue Ridge Province in North-Central Virginia: Petrologic and Structural Perspectives on Grenvillian Orogenesis and Paleozoic Tectonic Processes". USGS. Retrieved June 15, 2023.