The Eocene -aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona , Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, a very high diversity of marine invertebrates & land plants and a small number of land vertebrates are also known.
The Monte Bolca complex comprises two major marine limestone localities, the Pesciara (where fossils are found in caves) and the Monte Postale site (where fossils are directly quarried). The Pesciara is thought to represent a marine structural basin dominated by planktivorous fish, with an anoxic environment at the bottom that led to excellent preservation of fossils. Meanwhile, the Monte Postale site is thought to represent a turbid coastal area surrounded by mangroves , seagrass meadows , and coral reefs , with poorer fossil preservation.[ 1] lignitic sites that preserve a Messel Formation -esque freshwater or brackish habitat are known nearby, which are the Purga di Bolca and Vegroni sites. These sites preserve terrestrial reptiles, freshwater plants, and freshwater/terrestrial mollusks, which are otherwise rare to absent from the complex.[ 2]
Cartilaginous fishes Based on Marrama et al , 2021:[ 3]
Chimaeras Chimaeras reported from Monte Bolca Genus Species Presence Notes Images Ischyodus I. sp. Monte Postale A relative of plough-nosed chimaeras , known from a single dorsal spine. I. quenstedti , a related species
Sharks An alleged specimen from Bolca of the otherwise Cretaceous shark Mesiteia emiliae has been found to actually originate from the Sannine Formation of Lebanon .[ 3]
Rays
Ray-finned fishes Primarily based on Papazzoni et al . 2014, with more recent taxa also added.[ 5] Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes [ 6]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Abdobalistum A. thyrsus A nursalliine pycnodont . Nursallia N. veronae A nursalliine pycnodont. Palaeobalistum P. orbiculatum A nursalliine pycnodont. P. goedeli , a related species Pycnodus P. apodus A pycnodontine pycnodont.
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Foreyichthys F. bolcensis A bonytongue . Monopteros M. gigas A bonytongue. Thrissopterus T. catullii A bonytongue, related to the arapaima .
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Bolcaichthys B. catopygopterus Pesciara & Monte Postale A true herring . The most common fish of the formation.[ 7] Eoalosa E. janvieri Pesciara A shad .[ 8] Eoengraulis E. fasoloi Pesciara An anchovy .[ 9] Trollichthys T. bolcensis Pesciara A round herring .[ 10]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Eoellimmichthys E. superstes Pesciara A paraclupeid, the last marine ellimmichthyiform .[ 11]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Chanos C. forcipatus A milkfish.[ 12] C. chanos , a related species Coelogaster C. leptostea A relative of the milkfish.
Otophysi Genus Species Presence Notes Images Chanoides C. macropoma A stem-otophysan .[ 13]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Bajaichthys B. elegans A zeiform (initially considered a lamprimorph)
Genus Species Presence Notes Images "Ophidium " "O. " voltianum A cusk-eel .
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Apogoniscus A. pauciradiatus A cardinalfish . Bolcapogon B. johnsoni A cardinalfish. Carlomonnius C. quasigobius A gobioid of uncertain affinities.[ 14] Eoapogon E. fraseri A cardinalfish. Eosphaeramia E. pygopterus A cardinalfish. Leptolumamia L. vetula Monte Postale A cardinalfish.[ 15]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Auxides A. propterygius A scombrid . Carangopsis C. brevis A relative of bluefish . C. dorsalis Godsilia G. lanceolata A scombrid. Pseudauxides P. speciosus A scombrid. Thunnoscomberoides T. bolcensis A scombrid. Veronaphleges V. brunae A euzaphlegid . Zorzinia Z. postalensis Monte Postale A medusafish .
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Bellwoodilabrus B. landinii A wrasse . Eocoris E. bloti A wrasse. "Labrus "L. " merula (="L. " valenciennesi )[ 18] A labroid of uncertain affinities. Labrobolcus L. giorgioi Pesciara A wrasse. Paralabrus P. rossiae Pesciara A presumed wrasse. Phyllopharyngodon P. longipinnis A wrasse related to hogfish and tuskfishes .[ 18] Sorbinia S. caudopunctata A labroid of uncertain affinities. Zorzinilabrus Z. furcatus Pesciara A wrasse.
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Abromasta A. microdon A seabream . Acanthonemus A. subaureus An acanthonemid . Acanthopygaeus A. agassizi A relative of rabbitfish . Aspesiganus A. margaritae A relative of rabbitfish. Aspesiperca A. ruffoi Possibly a mojarra . Acanthuroides A. massalongoi A surgeonfish . Angiolinia A. mirabilis Pesciara A zanclid . Archaephippus A. asper A spadefish . "Dentex " "D." microdon A seabream, "D ." ventralis is a nomen dubium "D." ventralis Ellaserrata E. monksi A seabream. Eoantigonia E. veronensis A boarfish . Eoplatax E. papilio A spadefish. Eoleiognathus E. dorsalis A ponyfish . Eorandallius E. elegans A surgeonfish. E. rectifrons Eoscatophagus E. frontalis A scat . Eozanclus E. brevirostris A zanclid. Frigosorbinia F. baldwinae A surgeonfish. Gazolaichthys G. vestenanovae A surgeonfish. Goujetia G. crassispina A snapper . Lehmanichthys L. lessiniensis A surgeonfish. Lessinia L. horrenda A snapper. L. sp. Massalongius M. gazolai A massalongiid. Metacanthurus M. veronensis A surgeonfish. Metaspisurus M. emmanueli A surgeonfish. Ottaviania O. leptacanthus A snapper. O. mariae Padovathurus P. gaudryi A surgeonfish. Pesciarichthys P. punctatus A surgeonfish. Proacanthurus P. bonatoi A surgeonfish. P. elongatus P. ovalis P. tenuis Pristigenys P. substriatus A bigeye . Protozebrasoma P. bloti A surgeonfish. Pseudosparnodus P. microstomus A seabream. Psettopsis P. subarcuatus A moonyfish . Ruffoichthys R. bannikovi A relative of rabbitfish. R. spinosus Sorbinithurus S. sorbinii A surgeonfish. Sparnodus S. elongatus A seabream. S. vulgaris Tauichthys T. aspesae A surgeonfish. T. padremenini Tylerichthys T. milani A surgeonfish. T. nuchalis Veranichthys V. ventralis A snapper. Zaiaichthys Z. postalensis A moonyfish.[ 20] Z. wattersi
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Caruso C. brachysomus A goosefish . Eophryne E. barbutii A frogfish . Histionotophorus H. bassanii A handfish . Neilpeartia N. ceratoi Pesciara A frogfish.[ 21] Orrichthys O. longimanus A handfish. Sharfia S. mirabilis A goosefish. Tarkus T. squirei A batfish .
Percomorpha incertae sedis Genus Species Presence Notes Images Acronuroides A. eocaenicus Pesciara An indeterminate percomorph . Anorevus A. lorenzonii Pesciara Possibly a stem-flatfish .[ 22] Bassanichthys B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An eocottid . Blotichthys B. coleanus A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Bolcaperca B. craccorum A percomorph of uncertain affinities.[ 20] Bradyurus B. alessandroi A percomorph of uncertain affinities.[ 23] B. szainochae Callipteryx C. speciosus A callipterygid .[ 24] Carangodes C. bicornis A carangodid . Cyclopoma C. gigas Either a temperate perch or a relative of snooks . Dibango D. volans Pesciara A bizarre indeterminate percomorph, previously considered a species of Pegasus taeniosome lampriform.[ 25] Eocottus E. veronensis An eocottid. Exellia E. velifer An exellid. Frigoichthys F. margaritae A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Frippia F. labriformis A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Gillidia G. antiqua A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Guus G. microcephalus Pesciara A tortonesid (formerly considered a gobioid ). Hendrixella H. grandei A robertanniid. Jimtylerius J. temnopterus A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Latellopsis L. latellai A perciform of uncertain affinities.[ 26] Malacopygaeus M. oblongus A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Montepostalia M. annamariae Monte Postale A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Nickcaves N. pterygocephalus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[ 27] Parapelates P. quindecimalis A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Parapygaeus P. polyacanthus An indeterminate percomorph. Pavarottia P. astescalpone Monte Postale A pavarottiid.[ 23] P. lonardonii Monte Postale P. maiseyi Pesciara Pietschellus P. aenigmaticus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[ 27] Pygaeus P. bolcanus A percomorph of uncertain affinities. P. nobilis P. nuchalis Quasicichla Q. mucistonaver An indeterminate percomorph. Quasinectes Q. durello Monte Postale Possibly a stem-flatfish . Quasimullus Q. sorbinii A quasimullid. Robertannia R. sorbiniorum A robertanniid. Sorbinicapros S. sorbiniorum A sorbinipercid . Sorbiniperca S. scheuchzeri A sorbinipercid. Squamibolcoides S. minciottii A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Stefanichthys S. mariannae A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Tortonesia T. esilis A tortonesid. Veronabrax V. schizurus A percomorph of uncertain affinities. Zorzinichthys Z. annae A zorzinichthyid.
Acanthomorpha incertae sedis Genus Species Presence Notes Images Oncolepis O. isseli An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a goby.[ 28] Protoaulopsis P. bolcensis An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities. Xiphopterus X. falcatus An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.
Reptiles Based on Seghetti et al , 2022:[ 29]
Crocodilia A record of "C. cf. vicetinus " that is now assigned to Diplocynodon Oligocene -aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.[ 29]
Testudines
Squamata Squamates reported from Monte Bolca Genus Species Presence Notes Images Anomalophis A. bolcensis Pesciara An anomalophiid snake . Archaeophis A. proavus A palaeophiid snake. "Coluber "C. " ombonii Purga di Bolca A snake of uncertain affinities.
Brachiopoda
Mollusca [ 30]
Bivalvia Genus Species Presence Notes Images Anomia A. sp. Arcopagia A. erycinoides Monte Postale Crassostrea C. sparnacensis Monte Postale Divalinga D. sp Monte Postale Fimbria F. lamellosa Monte Postale F. major Granocardium G. sp. Monte Postale Katelysia K. texta Monte Postale Lima L. cf. papillifera Meiocardia M. carinata Monte Postale Modiola M. postalensis Monte Postale Monitilora M. elegans Orthocardium O. gratum Monte Postale Pitar P. lunularia Monte Postale P. parisiensis Pseudomiltha P. escheri Monte Postale P. gigantea Spondylus S. radula Monte Postale Tellina T. biangularis Monte Postale T. scalaroides T. sp. Venerella V. secunda Monte Postale
Gastropoda Based on:[ 2] [ 31]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Acteon A. subinflatus Monte Postale Ampullina A. hybrida Monte Postale A. vulcani Archicypraea A. lioyi Monte Postale Architectonica A. bistriata Monte Postale Bellatara B. palaeochroma Monte Postale Bezanconia B. pyrenaica Monte Postale Calliostoma C. raffaelei Monte Postale C. mayeri Campanile C. vicetinum Monte Postale Cassis C. postalensis Monte Postale Cepatia C. cepacea Monte Postale Cerithium C. chaperi Monte Postale C. fabani Clanculus C. zignoi Monte Postale Clavilithes C. rugosus Monte Postale Cryptoconus C. priscus Monte Postale Cypraedia C. elegans Monte Postale C. interposita Cypraeglobina C. praegnans Monte Postale Dentellocaracolus D. damnatus Purga di Bolca A helicid land snail.[ 32] Dialopsis D. incompleta Digitolabrum D. princeps Monte Postale “Drupa "D ." crossei Monte Postale Hemiconus H. incomptus Monte Postale Hippeutis H. muzzolonicus Purga di Bolca A freshwater ramshorn snail .[ 2] [ 33] Hipponix H. cornucopiae Monte Postale Homalopoma H. minimum Monte Postale Leptoconus L. deperditus Monte Postale Leucodiscus L. helicinoides Monte Postale Liocarenus L. hilarionis Monte Postale Littoraria L. postalensis Monte Postale Melanopsis M. vicetina Purga di Bolca An estuarine melanopsid snail.[ 2] [ 34] “Melongena "M ." robusta Monte Postale Neritopsis N. agassizi Monte Postale Pachycrommium P. circumfossa Monte Postale "Patella "P. " boreani Monte Postale Procyclotopsis P. obtusicosta Purga di Bolca A pomatiid land snail.[ 2] [ 35] [ 36] Pseudamaura P. circunfossa Monte Postale Pseudobellardia P. auriculata Monte Postale P. gomphoceras Pseudovertagus P. striatus Monte Postale Ptychocerithium P. lamellosum Monte Postale Pyrazopsis P. pentagonatus Monte Postale Semiterebellum S. postalensis Monte Postale Seraphs S. convolutum Monte Postale Tenagodus T. sp Monte Postale Tympanotonos T. tristriatus Monte Postale Velates V. schmidelianus Monte Postale Vermicularia V. biangulatus Monte Postale Vicetia V. hantkeni Monte Postale Voluta V. musicalis Monte Postale
Cephalopoda Genus Species Presence Notes Images Aturia A. ziczac A nautiloid . A related species. Bolcaoctopus B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An octopodid octopus with preserved imprints (formerly referred to as "Teuthida " indet.).[ 37] Spirulirostra S. georgii Pesciara A spirulid , known from a partial phragmocone.
Annelida [ 30]
The genus Sthenelaites , formerly interpreted as a bristleworm, is now thought to represent a fossilized green algae in the Dasycladaceae .[ 30]
Arthropods
Arachnida
Crustacea [ 30] [ 39]
Insecta [ 30] [ 41]
Odonata Genus Species Presence Notes Images Bolcacordulia B. paradoxa Pesciara A bolcacorduliid dragonfly .[ 42] Bolcathemis B. nervosa A palaeomacromiid dragonfly.[ 42] [ 43] Bolcathore B. colorata A bolcathorid damselfly .[ 42]
Orthoptera Genus Species Presence Notes Images Pterotriamescaptor P. tridactylina Pesciara A mole cricket .
Hemiptera Genus Species Presence Notes Images Halobates H. ruffoi Pesciara A sea skater , the earliest known from the fossil record. H. matsumurai , a modern species
Diptera
Cnidaria
Fungi
Plantae Based on Massalongo (1859), though many taxa are form taxa , highly dubious or nomina nuda [ 44] [ 45]
Red algae Genus Species Presence Notes Images Amansites A. prionomorphus Pesciara-Monte Postale A red alga , possibly a florideophycean . Ceramites C. codioides A red alga, possibly a ceramiale . C. floccosa C. parasitica C. pectinata C. sciuroides C. sphacelarioides Chondrites C. dasyphyllus A red alga, possibly a florideophycean. C. dichotomus C. pollinianus C. rytiphloeoides C. tenuissimus Delesserites D. bolcensis A red alga, possibly a florideophycean. D. calophyllus D. dimidiatus D. heckelianus D. pinnatus[ 45] D. podocarpiphyllus D. manganottii D. sessilis D. ovatus Melobesites M. membranacea A red alga, possibly coralline alga . Pterigophycos P. canossae A red algae, possibly a florideophycean, highly variable in leaf shape, indicating that there may not be multiple species.[ 46] P. gazolanus P. pinnatifidus P. spectabilis Sphaerococcites S. dendroides A red alga, possibly a florideophycean. ?S. fastigiatus
Green algae Genus Species Presence Notes Images Aristophycos A. aghardianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An green alga . Caulerpites C. araucaria An green alga. Nemalionites N. cristatus An green alga. N. limacoides
Pteridophytes Genus Species Presence Notes Images Asplenites A. rhadamanti Vegroni A fern. Cystorrhiza C. pillularioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A marsilacean fern . Fortisia F. renieriana Vegroni A fern.
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocots Genus Species Presence Notes Images Albucastrum A. perianthioideum Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean . Apludophyton A. cucubaloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass . A. scleroides Arundinites A. dracenophylla Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass. Bromelianthus B. heuflerianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent bromeliad , but taxonomic assignment disputed.[ 47] Castellinia C. ambigua Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit. C. compressa C. elliptica ?C. incurva C. macrocarpa ?C. subrotunda Caulinites C. divaricatus Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass . C. equisetimorphus Crinanthus C. fenzlianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean. Cyperites C. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A sedge . C. eocenus Geonomites G. saturnia Vegroni[ 2] A palm leaf. Halochloris H. castelliniana Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass. H. cymodoceoides H. fluitans H. meneghinii H. stolonifera H. striata H. subsecunda H. ungeri H. veronensis Latanites L. brocchiana Vegroni A palm, whole trees sometimes preserved. L. galilejana Vegroni L. parvula Pesciara-Monte Postale L. pinnata Vegroni L. praticinensis Vegroni & Purga di Bolca[ 2] L. vegronum Vegroni Musophyllum M. italicum Vegroni A potential banana relative. Palaeorchis P. rhizoma Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid. Palaeospathe P. elliptica Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit. P. lata Palmacites P. neocaenus Vegroni A palm. Phoenicites P. danteana Vegroni A palm leaf. P. veronensis P. wettinioides Poacites P. juncoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass. Posidocea P. frickhingeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A posidoniacean seagrass. Taxonomy affinity uncertain, as floral structures differ from those of Posidonia [ 48] [ 49] Protorchis P. monorchis Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid. Ruppia R. aristata Pesciara-Monte Postale A wigeongrass . ?Smilacites ?S. lancea Pesciara-Monte Postale A smilacean . "Thecophyllum T. flabellatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm. Stratiotes Folliculites ) S. kaltennordheimensis Purga di Bolca A water-soldier (formerly considered a potential casuarinacean )[ 50] Typhaeloipum T. spadae Pesciara-Monte Postale A cattail relative. Zannichelliopsis Z. repens Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.
Genus Species Presence Notes Images Acacia A. buellana Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential acacia . A. eugenioides A. primordialis Ampelophyllum A. bolcense Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Vitaceae . A. noeticum A. voltianum Anadenia A. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea . A. pighiana Apocynophyllum A. bozzianum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Apocynaceae . A. oligocaenum Vegroni A. terminaliaefolium Pesciara-Monte Postale Andromeda A. biloba Pesciara-Monte Postale A relative of the bog-rosemary . A. cincinnati A. latina A. palaeogaea A. santalina A. stillingioides A. tromodophylla A. visianii Aralia A. primaeva Pesciara-Monte Postale A spikenard . Aralianthea A. brogniartii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential spikenard. A. laurina A. zizioides Banksia B. longifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent banksia . ?Berberis ?B. prisca Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential barberry . Bignonia B. boroniaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A bignonia . B. limoniaefolia B. moringaefolia Bubulcia B. alismantha Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Zygophyllaceae . B. globifera Bumelia B. buxioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A bully tree . B. calceolarii B. clusiaefolia B. cuneifolia Caesalpinia C. eocenica Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . Calligonopsis C. pallasioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A knotweed . C. strumphsioides Cassia C. enervis Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . Ceanothus C. cornifolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A ceanothus . Celastrophyllum C. gaudinianum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Celastraceae . C. oleaefolium Celastrus C. nitrariaefolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential staff vine . C. scandentifolius Ceratophyllum C. cuspidatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A coontail . Cinnamomum C. antiquum Pesciara-Monte Postale A cinnamon . C. veronense Coccolobites C. morindioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Polygonaceae . Crataegus C. moscardianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential hawthorn . Cucubalites ?C. flagellum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Caryophyllaceae . C. postalensis Dombeyopsis D. affinis Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential "Byttneriaceae ". D. bixaefolia D. ceanothifolia D. decipiens D. deformis D. glandulifera D. granadilla D. hibiscifolia D. incerta D. kleinhowiaefolia D. populina D. sublobata D. tilioides Drepanocarpus D. dacampii Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . D. nummus Dryandra D. chironis Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent dryandra . D. meneghinii D. veronensis Eucalyptus E. aconicophylla Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential eucalypt . E. italica E. rhododendrophylla E. targue Eugenia E. andiraefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A probable Myrtaceae . E. dactylostemoides E. laurifolia Euonymus E. maytenopsis Vegroni A potential Celastraceae . Ficus F. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A fig . F. coelestis F. poniana F. psichotrioides F. veronensis Fracastoria F. anguria Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Sterculioideae , based on fruits. F. citriformis F. citrullus F. clavaeformis F. cucurbitina F. gastrioides F. gigantea F. lagenaria F. megapepo F. melo F. pomiformis F. pyramidalis F. pyriformis F. rotunda F. zignoana Gautiera G. trichoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A wintergreen . Getonia G. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of ukshi . G. potentilloides Glossophium G. eocenum Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed. G. proliferum Grewia G. coccolobaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Tiliaceae . Guajacites G. berengerii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Zygophyllaceae . G. enervis G. heeri Hesperidophyllum H. citroides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Rutaceae . H. ettingshauseni H. scalpellum Jacaranda J. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent jacaranda . J. speciosa Juglans ?J. costata Vegroni A potential walnut . J. elaenoides Vegroni J. ossilii Pesciara-Monte Postale J. sapindacea Koelreuteria K. corcorifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Koelreuteria K. maffejana Leguminosites L. phaseolus Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . Leptomeria L. distans Pesciara-Monte Postale A mistletoe . L. gracilis L. psilotina Maffeia M. ceratophylloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential riverweed . Malpighiastrum M. ambiguum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Malpighiaceae . M. dehaasioides M. hyraeaeoides Manglesia M. synaphaeaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea. Melianthus M. craccorum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential honey flower . Myrica M. zig-zag Pesciara-Monte Postale A bayberry . Myrtomiophyton M. stephanophorus Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Myrtaceae . ?Nandina ?N. consolatii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of nandina . Nymphaea N. arethusae Pesciara-Monte Postale A waterlily . N. cherpica Omalanthus O. hekastophylloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Euphorbiaceae . Palaeolobium P. alnifolium Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . P. brennonicum P. buteaefolium P. cedrelaefolium P. ficifolium P. morindaefolium P. nervosum "Peltophyllum " P. nelumbioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Cabombaceae . Phyllanthus P. ceanothoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Phyllanthaceae . P. populinus Pongamia P. protogaea Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of the Indian beech . Protea P. glossa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent sugarbush . Pterocarpus P. lestrigonum Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . P. targionii Pterospermum P. malpighiaceum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential "Byttneriaceae". Quercus Q. vegronia Vegroni An oak . Santalum S. memecyloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A sandalwood . Sapindus S. goeppertianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A soapberry . S. pristinus S. scytinophyllus Sapotacites S. oleaefolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A sapotacean . Sarothrostachys S. eocenica Pesciara-Monte Postale A euphorbiacean. Sophora S. capparifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume . Sterculia S. majae Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential tropical chestnut . S. prisca Terminalia T. perseaefolia Vegroni A potential Combretaceae . Trapophyllum T. europaeum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of water caltrops . Tympanophora T. bracteosa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed. T. discophora T. turbinata Vaccinium V. convolvulinum Pesciara-Monte Postale A blueberry . Villarsites V. ungeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A gentian . Weinmannia W. ausoniae Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Cunoniaceae . W. elaphriifolia W. fagaraefolia W. incerta Zanthoxylum Z. ambiguum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Rutaceae . Z. cherpicum
Incertae sedis Genus Species Presence Notes Images Agnophyton A. aristatum Pesciara-Monte Postale Plant of uncertain affinities. Antholites A. ligula Pesciara-Monte Postale Plant of uncertain affinities. A. liliacea A. nymphoides Carpolithes C. binucularis Pesciara-Monte Postale Fruit of uncertain affinities. C. carandioides C. chamaeropsis Vegroni C. lacunosus Pesciara-Monte Postale C. longipes C. micropepo C. orbis C. subtriangularis C. vegronum Vegroni
Chromista Genus Species Presence Notes Images Dictyotites D. aspergillum Pesciara-Monte Postale A brown alga . D. menegazzianus D. radiatus D. rigidus D. stipitatus Laminarites L. irideaephyllus A brown alga. L. lamourouxii L. macrophyllus L. scolopendra L. vestenae Pasinia ?P. ambigua A brown alga. P. elliptica P. incurva P. ovalis P. pyriformis P. rotundata Postelsiopsis P. caput-medusae A kelp similar in form to the sea palm .[ 45] Zonarites Z. chlorophlegma A brown alga. Z. flagellaris Z. fuliginosus
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